Explore the Similarities and Differences in the...

Explore the similarities and differences in the presentation of female characters in A Streetcar Named Desire and The World’s wife In this essay, I will be exploring the similarities and differences of female characters in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ by Tennessee Williams; and ‘The World’s Wife’ by Carol Ann Duffy. Both texts denote women as somewhat weak and incompetent and as having a predatory attitude towards the mainly dominant male characters. A Streetcar Named Desire was written in 1945 and it initially connected with America’s new found taste for realism following the Great Depression and World War II. William’s based the character of Blanche on his sister who was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Williams himself was homosexual, and†¦show more content†¦In ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, the reader is able to see Stella fulfil the role of a protective mother when agreeing to send Blanche to a mental institution. Despite Blanches shocking accusations, Stella must ignore her sister for the sake of her child. Eunice says to her ‘you done the right thing, the only thing you could do.’ The reader is able to see the role of a female friend. In this case Eunice supports Stella through the difficult time. This is similar to ‘Queen Herod’ as in the poem, Duffy shows her as having a lack of sense when it comes down to her baby daughter. ‘Kill each mother’s son. Do it. Spare not one.’ Her sheer ruthlessness has been brought to light. In ‘Queen Herod’, Duffy also makes references to friendship and sisterhood. ‘The black Queen scooped out my breast,’ this quote shows that women are willing to help each other in their times of need. The traditional qualities of a wife are subverted in ‘Medusa’. Duffy presents Medusa as a woman who has been engulfed by jealousy, caused by her adulterous husband. ‘My brides breath soured stank in the grey bags of my lungs.’ This quote displays that Medusa was once young and beautiful, but as a result of marriage has become hideous. This contrasts with the character of Stella in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, who is a devoted and loving wife despite the way Stanley behaves towards her.’ He didnt know what he was doing....He wasShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagescertified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place

My Career As A Doctor - 1282 Words

My niece LuAnn has decided that she would like to have a career as a doctor. She is a very intelligent high-school student who is looking into her future and wants to make the right choices about her future. She has called me for advice about her pursuing a career in the medial field as a doctor. My niece LuAnn would like to find the best location for school and also a location for a medical career that goes beyond school. She knows I am taking a course in business economics and has asked me to put together a portfolio of information I gather on the market for physicians in terms of supply and demand, elasticity, economic profit and loss and cost of production. Of course as her aunt I am more than willing to help and I want my niece to be knowledgeable with the most up to date information and pertinent information possible on this career choice. I have decided to educate myself about the marker for this particular career and treat this project as if it was my own career choice. Hopef ully with the information I gather and provide to my niece she will have the tools necessary to make an educated decision and evaluate her career choice. The demand for health care in the United States shows that people are willing to pay the minimum price for services. There are many factors that affect the demand for physicians depend on, from the needs of the population, income level of people, technological constraints related to what consumers demand and cultural considerations. DemandShow MoreRelatedMy Career As A Doctor982 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement has only helped reaffirm my passion and dedication for this future career that feels so tangible while at the same time is years from fruition. My answer is simple, I want to go to medical school because I want to have a career as a doctor and it is the next necessary step towards that goal. Medical school is where I will be able to gain a more thorough understanding of the human body and all that is involved in it being heal thy and ill. I will also be able to hone my interpersonal and communicationRead MoreMy Career As A Doctor1131 Words   |  5 PagesMy niece LuAnn has decided that she would like to have a career as a doctor. She is a very intelligent high-school student who is looking into her future and wants to make the right choices about her future. She has called me for advice about her pursuing a career in the medial field as a doctor. My niece LuAnn would like to find the best location for school and also a location for a medical career that goes beyond school. She knows I am taking a course in business economics and has asked me to putRead MoreMy Career Choice: Doctor Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesAll my life I’ve wanted to be a doctor. I’d walk around my house with my plastic stethoscope and doctor bag ‘taking care’ of my family. I’ve just always been drawn to it. I think that it also may have something to do with heredity. Both my mother and my grandm other have worked in the hospital; my mom in the mom and baby unit, and my grandmother as a floor nurse. However, that’s just a theory of mine. At the moment, I plan to go to college for four years or more to become a registered nurse. Read MoreMy Future Career As A Pediatric Cardiologist Doctor Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesI chose as my future career to be a pediatric cardiologist doctor. Medical field is a discourse community that resolves all physical and emotional problems. A community which gathers together to discus the level of care that each patient needs to receive in order to feel better. Doctors go through an intense medical program in college and extensive training to be able to treat the patients with the proper care. Medicine is considered an exciting profession and it provides plenty of rewards and challengesRead MoreWhy I Want to Be a Doctor1023 Words   |  5 PagesOpening- There are about 701,200 doctors in the United States. And I could be one of them. They treat people when they are sick or hurt. They give advice to patients to help keep them from getting sick. They bandage knees, prescribe medicine, sew up cuts. They bring new babies into the world and comfort older people who are sick or dying. And what made me go into this career was that I always wanted to do something in medicine. And I thought that why not become a M.D. And medicine is somethingRead MoreMy Career As A Career800 Words   |  4 Pagesgrow into a doctor, a fire fighter, or business owner lay a mystery in time. As I approach my time to attend college, I must choose what exactly I would study, so I could form a career out of it. In my seventeen years of life so far, I have had three predominant career choices: a neurologist, a writer, or a chemist. I’ve always wanted to be a physician of some sorts. This aspiration began in the very beginning of my life. When I was young, I would attend doctor appointments with my mother. I wouldRead MoreProject Is Formatted Correctly Based On Our Developing Individual Interests And Personal Goals1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdraft D) Outline E) Brainstorm 3) I have read my work aloud, slowly. 4) The project improves on the following areas of compositional difficulty: I have been working hard on subject-verb agreement and using more effective words. My early drafts had both problems, but after having used BH Online, I feel confident that my final draft should be almost free of the errors that I worked hard to improve upon. â€Æ' I. Introduction a. When researching a career, we must create an intellectually, creatively,Read MoreMy First Year At Dunbar Middle Magnet School1231 Words   |  5 PagesConfused, petrified, and slightly excited were the emotions that ran through my body during this brief time in my life. Thinking back on the moments in life that assisted in me choosing my career path brings up many mixed emotions. The moment I chose the career path I wanted to go on is my first year at Dunbar Middle Magnet School, sixth grade to be exact. It was the first week of school and all the students in my class had to stand up and introduce ourselves and tell what we wanted to be in lifeRead MoreBecoming A Doctor Is Not An Easy Process For Majority Of The Population1351 Words   |  6 Pagesothers it’s natural. The career I find interesting and may pursue is a Pediatrics doctor. Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in children, ranging from new born babies to eighteen years old. Individuals interested in this f ield will need a sense of mentality and dedication to work hard. Becoming a doctor is not an easy process; it takes time, motivation, and interest for this type of career. Once an individual is half way through the schooling process of becoming a doctor, there’s honestly no pointRead MoreMy Interest On Medicine Stems From Family Experiences1163 Words   |  5 PagesStatement My interest in medicine stems from family experiences. My grandmother suffered from Parkinson’s disease for most of her life and required constant care. Helping my grandmother with simple tasks like eating breakfast, or helping her up the stairs was a humbling experience. This experience drove my curiosity about the human anatomy, specifically the brain and how it is treated, which led to the realisation that, for me, a satisfying career would involve helping others. A career in medicine

Microbiology for Detection of Unknown Microorganism-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMicrobiology for Detection of Unknown Microorganism. Answer: Results The microorganism is Enterobacter aerogenes. Gram-staining revealed that the organism is Gram-negative and is rod shaped or bacillus. It showed growth on MacConkey and EMB agar. It showed positive citrate test, glucose and lactose fermentation. It gave negative results for hydrogen sulphide production as no black precipitate was observed. It showed weak urea hydrolysis, no gelatin hydrolysis. It showed positive motility as growth was observed away from slab. The organism showed positive results for ornithine, lysine, sugar aldehyde, sorbitol, o-nitrophenyl -D-galactoside, p-nitrophenyl -D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl -D-xyloside, p-nitrophenyl n-acetyl--D-glucosaminide, malonate, -Glutamyl napthylamide and adonitol tests. Table 1. Phenotypic and Biochemical tests Unknown organism: Enterobacter aerogenes Test Observation/Result of test Interpretation/Meaning Gram Stain Colour: Pink/Red GRAM - Cell length (mm) 0.1 mm Not Required Cell shape arrangement Rod shaped Not required Colonial characteristics on TSA Whole colony shape: Irregular Edge/margin: undulate Surface: glistening umbonate Colour: Translucent white Not required Growth on selective medium MacConkey: + growth EMB: + growth PEA: - Growth GRAM - Oxygen requirement Growth in FTM: Growth greatest at surface Growth in GasPak: little bit of growth Facultative aerobe Citrate Test Positive Green-blue Indole (SIM) No red - Voges-Proskauer Test Yellow - Methyl Red Test Yellow/orange Negative results Glucose fermentation (KIA after 24 hours) Color change, observed growth on surface + Lactose fermentation (KIA after 24 hours) The medium has been lifted due to gas produced. + H2S (KIA or SIM after 48 hours) No black precipitate. No sulfur reduction Negative results Urea hydrolysis Slightly pink W +, weak positive Gelatin hydrolysis Slightly movement, still gelatin like consistency Negative results Motility Growth observed away from slab + Discussion All the microorganisms were Gram-positive rods. However, the microorganisms cannot be Escherichia coli as it shows positive results for indole and methyl red test. E. coli shows Voges-Proskauer and citrate test negative (Odonkor Ampofo, 2013). But, the organism shows indole and methyl red negative results, while citrate test is positive. Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter freundii are known to show positive methyl red tests. The organism shows positive lactose fermentation. P. mirabilis and Serratia marcescens give negative results for lactose fermentation, while C. freundii, E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes show positive lactose fermentation tests. C. freundii and P. mirabilis shows positive for hydrogen sulphide production, while the organism shows negative for hydrogen sulphide production (Kumar, Tyagi Gupta, 2012). Thus, the organism is not P. mirabilis and C. freundii. S. marcescens shows positive results for gelatin hydrolysis, but the organism gave negative results for gela tin hydrolysis. Thus, the organism is not S. marcescens. P. mirabilis and C. freundii gives negative for adonitol tests but the organism showed positive for adonitol tests. On the otherhand, S. marcescens gives negative for malonate test, but the organism showed positive results for malonate test. Thus, it can be concluded that the organism is E. aerogenes. However, the errors present is that the Voges-Proskauer test should have been positive. The urea hydrolysis test should be negative but here it was weak positive. Reference List Kumar, D., Tyagi, N., Gupta, A. B. (2012). Sensitivity analysis of field test kits for rapid assessment of bacteriological quality of water.Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua,61(5), 283-290. Odonkor, S. T., Ampofo, J. K. (2013). Escherichia coli as an indicator of bacteriological quality of water: an overview.Microbiology research,4(1).

Soil pH Measurement Essay Example

Soil pH Measurement Paper Introduction Soil pH can be tested in a number of ways. The measurement of pH is the most common chemical measurement in soil, biology and aqueous solutions (Bohn et al. ). The most common ways are either using an electrochemical tester, where electrodes that are capable of detecting hydrogen ions, are placed in the solution to be tested and the pH displayed on a digital display. The other method, BDH, involves creating a suspension and comparing its colour to a chart with known pH levels. The electrochemical method provides an accurate reading in the laboratory, but is relatively immoveable, BDH, on the other hand provides a rapid assessment that may be used in the field, but may not be as accurate or precise. It is important to know the pH of the soil as it provides a useful indication as to its general state of health. It shows if the soil has good structure, nutrient availability status and indicates soil organism activity. If soils have a pH below 7 then the soil is considered acidic, if it has a pH above 7, then it considered alkaline, if it has a pH of exactly 7, then it is neutral. We will write a custom essay sample on Soil pH Measurement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soil pH Measurement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soil pH Measurement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However most soils have a pH in the range of pH 4 8, which means that most soils are slightly acidic. Materials and Method. For the laboratory method, 10 cmi of air-dried soil was placed in a plastic bottle along with 25 cmi of de-ionised water, following which the stopper was replaced. It was then placed on an orbital shaker for 15 minuets to ensure that the contents were thoroughly mixed. The electrodes of the meter were then placed into the solution, and the pH level was taken from the digital display. For the BDH method, a stopper was first placed in the end of a BDH tube, air-dried soil was then added to a depth of 20 mm. A further 25 mm of barium sulphate was added above the soil in the BDH tube, de-ionised water was then added up to the first mark on the BDH tube. The tube was then shaken until all of the contents was wetted and thoroughly mixed after a stopper had been placed in the other end of the tube. If necessary remove the stopper and top-up the de-ionised water to the first mark. Indicator was then added to the second mark, the stopper replaced and then shaken well again. The suspension was allowed to settle for a few minuets before the clear solution at the top of the tube was compared to the reference card, with the nearest colour match being the pH reading. Results The results obtained from both methods are shown in the table below. Soil Type pH BDH pH Electrochemical Danbury 5. 5 3. 97 Danbury 5. 5 4. 03 Alluvium 6. 5-7 6. 2 Alluvium 5. 6-7 6. 4 Hornbeam 6. 5 6. 29 Hornbeam 6. 5 6. 27 Bengeo 7 7. 3 Bengeo 7 7. 3 Hamble 6. 5 6. 02 Hamble 6. 5 2. 12 Hanslope 7. 5-8 7. 66 Hanslope 7. 5-8 7. 79 Chart 1. Discussion. As can be seen from the chart above the differences between the two methods are fairly low, this indicates that both methods are relatively accurate. The electrochemical method is slightly more accurate however this level is rarely needed in the field and because this method also takes longer and needs to be undertaken in a laboratory is not usually used, unless necessary. The BDH method is usually accurate enough for most decisions to be made and because it can be undertaken relatively quickly and in the field, is the method most usually used. However at very low pH levels the BDH method becomes less accurate giving a lower reading than the soil actually is, however at more neutral levels is reasonably accurate. The results also show that most soils are slightly acidic, with the exception of Hanslope which is alkaline, and Bengeo which is neutral. Danbury is the most acidic, followed by Hornbeam, Hamble and then Alluvium. Low pH on its own cannot damage plants; its effect is indirect affecting the availability of nutrients and their effects. While the nutrients, such as nitrogen, may still be in the soil they will become insoluble and unavailable for the plants to absorb. Other nutrients such as manganese can be released into the soil water at toxic rates below pH 5. 5. At low pH levels, conditions also become unfavourable for certain micro-organisms, slowing decomposition or nitrogen fixation. High soil pH levels lead to the low availability of many nutrients such as Phosphorus, Iron and Manganese. Soils with low pH are more common than soils with high pH, this is due to several reasons. When organic matter is mineralised nutrients are released along with hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions lead to a pH drop and an acidic soil, hydrogen ions are also released when ammonium is converted into nitrate. The leeching of calcium, magnesium and potassium as well as heavy cropping that also removes these nutrients leads to a drop in soil pH. Conclusion This experiment shows that while laboratory methods for testing pH are more accurate, in most circumstances the BDH method of testing is more suitable. This method provides a quick, reasonably accurate way of finding the soil pH level, allowing decisions to be made on the nutrient and soil structure status. References Bohn, H. L. ; McNeal, B. L. and OConnor, G. A. , Soil Chemistry, New York, Wiley and Sons. Mark Swales Agricultural Science.

Haitian Women in History essays

Haitian Women in History essays Women in Haiti have been for a long time silenced. Their heroic acts during slavery and for the independence of Haiti have not been acknowledged. The women of Haiti have been and still are making a huge impact on society and on how their state is constructed. They have long fought for their right and created women's movements. Their bodies were controlled and violated. Rape and torture was use as a way to intimidate the women and also to make them pay for action made by people other than them. My paper will analyse the way women where portrayed and the important role these Haitian women played, especially during and after the Duvalierist regime. I will talk about the way in which they where reduced to inferior in their status and also about the violence that they were subject to, paying a particular attention to the rape of women. I will also take a look at the emergence of the many women's movements in Haiti and the ones started by Haitians in Canada or the United States. Finally I will look at women writers and their role. My attention will be focus on two novels by Edwidge Danticat: Krik? Krak? and Breath, Eyes, Memory. This paper will try to show how women reclaimed their identity and their right to all be different. Women in Haiti have always played an important role in its history. They fiercely fought along side with men to free Haiti and stop slavery. However, even after they had won the battle for independence, women were still seen as inferior and all their efforts, forgotten. President Dessalines' Independence Constitution of 1805 provided in article 9 that "no one I worthy of being a Haitian if he is not a good father, a good son, a good husband, and above all, a good soldier#. Here we see how women were not seen as worthy of being a Haitian. They are from the beginning inferiorised by men. This belief of the inferiority of women remained. Their place was associated whit home and domestic chores. They were seen as ...

The Flat Tax essays

The Flat Tax essays The United States tax system is in complete disarray. Republicans and Democrats agree that the current tax code is complex, unfair, and costly. The income tax system is so complex; the IRS publishes 480 tax forms and 280 forms to explain the 480 forms (Armey 1). The main reason the tax system is so complex is because of the special preferences such as deductions and tax credits. Complexity in the current tax system forces Americans to spend 5.4 billion hours complying with the tax code, which is more time than it takes to manufacture every car, truck and van produced in the United States (Armey 1). Time is not the only thing that is lost with the current tax system; Americans also lose great deal of money complying with the tax code. Resources that are currently wasted on record keeping, filing forms, learning the tax code, litigation, and tax avoidance. The cost of complying with the current tax code totals about $200 billion annually, or $700 for every man, woman, and child i n America (Armey 1). The overwhelming consensus that the current tax system is inadequate has ignited the search for tax reform. There are numerous proposals for tax reform; one particular proposal brought forth by various conservatives is the idea of national flat rate income tax. The idea is to replace the current income tax with a single rate that everyone pays. This paper will take a close look at the concepts of the flat tax, and look at the possible benefits and potential failings. Although there is a basic format to the flat tax, there are multiple flat tax proposals that have been offered by conservatives. Along with critiquing the basic format of the flat tax, this paper will compare and contrast the different flat tax proposals. There is no doubt among Americans and politicians that there is need for tax reform, the flat tax and one of its proposals could possibly be the answer to tax reform. The American people are in t...

The Difference Between An Egalitarian And A Non-Egalitarian Principle Essay

The Difference Between An Egalitarian And A Non-Egalitarian Principle Of Distribution. Which One Is Preferable - Essay Example In this philosophy, people ought to get the same, be treated equally, treat our friend as equal, and all people should enjoy equal social status. The egalitarianism principles rest on the background that all mankind are equal in fundamental worth and moral status. Although these principles are widely accepted, there exist variant views especially in Western European and Anglo American philosophical traditions. Egalitarians believe that equality and justice are closely well connected. Firstly, they think unfair life prospects should be equalized. Secondly, equality is the most important constitutive and intrinsic worth of justice. Thirdly, welfare has to be increased. Fourthly and fifthly that justice is comparative, and inequalities are just when advantages are destroyed in the name of justice respectively. One of the most important views of the existence of egalitarianism is the Christian doctrine that God loves all mankind equally despite their social economic status (Raz 254-257). The existence of egalitarianism is prudent for there are different types of equality. For example, treatment of people equally in the society. Great example is the modern democratic societies where everyone has equal chances to hold any position and be treated equally like any other person. An egalitarian denies Cross-Temporal Additivity because inequality is not additive over time. Inequality partly determines value and hence value is not additive over time. In economics, egalitarianism would mean equality to opportunity such that the government ought not to discriminate against citizens or even hinder prosperity opportunities to them. The government has to advocate for equal prosperity for all citizens. Milton Friedman a free-market economist supports equality-of-opportunity economic egalitarianism. The principles of non egalitarianism hold that equality is not bad or good at the same time, and there are several forms of egalitarianism depending on one’s interpretation of equality and values. The non egalitarian principle suggests that, value of two events is equal given that they occupy no overlapping times interval. This claim portrays people’s view of justice. The treatment of people justly depends on how other people are treated. Therefore, it is unfair to distribute resources if people are denied their share despite the amount to be given. What is important is the allocation ratio to each person and the kind of feeling that arise thereafter. Non-Egalitarianism uses three general moral principles namely: Intrapersonal Non-Egalitarianism, Strong Supervenience of Utility-Value and Cross Temporal Additivity of Utility Value. The Intrapersonal Non-Egalitarianism principle supports that the equality in the distribution of utility is evaluative neutral in an individual’s life. The Strong Supervenience of Utility-Value principle states that the two events have the same utility value if they are intrinsically identical in terms of non-evalu ative properties. Lastly the Cross-Temporal Additivity of Utility Value principle states that utility-value of fusion of for instance event A and B is equal to utility value of A plus utility value of B. This holds as long as the two events occupy non-overlapping time intervals. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles This principle varies greatly in various dimensions relevance to distributive justice (wealth, income, jobs utility among others). The variation between the egalitarian and non-egalitarian principle occurs in the nature of the recipient and the basis of distribution. It covers the distribution and economic burden among individuals in society. This principle forms the principles of Anglo

Attraction Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Attraction Management - Essay Example This particular study focuses on Trafalgar Square, and necessitated the acquisition of data as to how attraction management for this tourist spot was being handled. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. EVENT MANAGEMENT / ATTRACTION MANAGEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION 1 II. TRAFALGAR SQUARE 7 III. CONCLUSION 17 REFERENCES 18 Event Management / Attraction Management: An Introduction Every country, developed or developing, has and will always be coming up with new ways to make money. Ideally, these funds would then be used to improve infrastructure, or to create new job opportunities for its citizens, or generally bankrolling development efforts nationwide. For better or worse, the old saying about money making the world go round at least has a modicum of truth to it. This money, of course, is made through selling things, whether products or services, by way of taxing business establishments. To sell a service in particular requires a great deal of effort on the part of the salesman; events and at tractions are no exception among these. If anything, said need for a concerted effort applies even more so in this regard, due to the increased need to convince prospective customers that one’s offerings are actually good and are not, in fact, worthless. Given how much profit is at stake, it would be best to be aware of and display a certain degree of proficiency in event management – which refers to the administration and creation of various conferences, festivals and occasions (Ramsborg, 2008). As with any other type of management, event management requires a load of planning in order to succeed. Among other things, those in charge of such tasks need to be ready and willing to analyze and identify their prospective clients and target market as well as pick a proper event theme, for a start. And after getting this done, next on the list are issues of logistics and coordinating with the relevant personnel. The general demand for both traditional and contemporary events has contributed greatly to the growth of this industry. Said events can be conducted for any purpose, be it organizational, cultural or personal in nature, but it should be obvious for anyone planning such events to want them to succeed. Luckily, certain breakthroughs have made successful event management and planning much more convenient, thanks in part to how increasingly fierce competition has made each player recognize the increasing need and difficulty with respect to one-upping their rivals. Technology in particular has been a godsend, especially in that proper application of it expedites tasks, which no longer need quite as many people to get done right. This becomes much more readily apparent when the internet is factored into the equation. The so-called information superhighway is definitely a great help in this case, not only in spreading awareness regarding the event, but also when it comes to facilitating the growth of the firm in charge of the said event or attraction. Thanks in part to this, the industry of event management (and by extension, attraction management) has become even more lucrative and profitable than it already was. That said, there are things that need to be kept in mind when it comes to event management. For instance, the viewpoint of sustainable event management holds

Should America Legalize Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Should America Legalize Marijuana Essay I. Introduction A. Attention Getter B. Specific Purpose Statement C. Credibility Statement D. Preview of Main Points (Transition) II. Body (sentences in body should be complete sentences) A. Pro/For 1 1. Supporting Material The United States is currently has over 17 trillion dollars in debt( statistic) 2. Supporting Material According to congress budget office The United States is currently has over 17 trillion dollars in debt. A country accumulates most of their debt in time of war one of the biggest and most expensive war going on right now is the war on drugs the DEA spends x dollars trying to keep marijuana of the streets just think how many more other more serious crimes can be solved if that money was spent elsewhere in the criminal justice department. Another pro of legalizing marijuana is the tax dollars we as a country can get from selling marijuana. Colorado and Washington recently legalized marijuana this year and since January through august just think how many tax dollars we can raise if marijuana was legal throughout the entire United States and that is on top of the money we are saving on from the DEA by not chasing down these pot heads. (Transition) Money and debt is not the only upside to legalizing marijuana there are countless health benefits from the intake of marijuana B. Pro/For 2 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material There is a documentary called weed by Dr. Sanjay Gupta it’s about a 5 year old girl with epilepsy that has over a 100 seizures a week a team of scientist a strain of marijuana that was low in THC(the chemical that gives you that high felling when smoking weed) and high in CBD(a chemical that has numerous health benefits) but instead of letting this 5 year old girl roll up a joint and smoke in they extract the juice from the plant and let her consume it. Almost instantaneously after this treatment this girl went from having over a hundred seizures a week to having 3 or less some weeks she wouldn’t even have any after a year they saw major improvement in the child’s mood and in the child learning ability. (Transition) is there any down sides to this drug you call marijuana? Of course there is there in facts are a lot of reasons why we shouldn’t legalize the drug. We talk about how marijuana has health benefits now let’s talk about the negative side effects. D. Con/Against 1 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material The most common side effect of marijuana is short term memory lose this is a bad thing in many ways especially if you in an unsafe environment like a car. Marijuana also affects brain development, and when it is used heavily by young people. Marijuana smoke is an irritant to the lungs, and frequent marijuana smokers can have many of the same respiratory problems experienced by tobacco smokers, such as daily cough. Marijuana is also been know to lead to depression and suicide in frequent users. (Transition) as now you know marijuana has a few negative health effects of marijuana but they is one more thing you need to conceder one more thing the Gateway theory. E. Con/Against 2 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material Gateway theory states that â€Å"use of certain drugs may lead to an increased risk in the use of other drugs and involvement in criminal behavior.† Smoking a joint might not seem that bad after looking at the positive and negative health effects but before you light up look up the health effects of all the hard drugs out there because no one wakes up and says I’m going to shoot up with 10 mailgrams of heroin today all drug addicts start somewhere and more times than not it starts with tobacco, alcohol and marijuana (Transition) In conclusion. III. Conclusion A. Summary of Main Points B. Restate Purpose C. Reference to Attention-Getter

Pope Benedict XVI Biography Essay -- essays research papers

Pope Benedict XVI: A Life and Papacy Revealed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 19, 2005 Joseph Alois Ratzinger was elected as successor to the beloved Pope John Paul II. He was formally enthroned during the papal inauguration Mass on April 24, 2005 and chose the name of Pope Benedict XVI (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). Elected at the age of 78 Pope Benedict XVI was the oldest to be elected Pope since Clement XII in 1730 (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). Pope Benedict is only the eight German Pope to be elected into office the last being Adrian VI (1522-1523) (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). His Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on Holy Saturday April 16, 1927 at his parents' home in Marktl am Inn, Germany (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio). He was the first person baptized in the Easter Water and blessed at the Easter Vigil (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio). His father, Joseph Ratzinger Sr., was a policeman from a family of farmers from lower Baveria and his mother, Maria Ratzinger, was from a family of South Tyrol (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio). In 1929 Joseph and his family moved to Tittmoning, a small town on the Salzach River, on the Austrian border (Ewtn P. Ben xvi bio). In 1932 his father's outspoken criticism of the Nazis required the family to relocate to Auschau am Inn (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). His father retired in 1937, and his family moved to Hufschlag, outside of Traunstein (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). There Joseph began studying classical languages at his local high school (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio). In 1939, he entered the minor seminary in Traunstein, his first step toward the priesthood (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio). Military Backround   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II forced a postponement of young Ratzinger’s studies. In 1943, at the age of 16, Ratzinger was drafted with many of his friends into the anti-aircraft artillery corps (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). Ratzinger and his classmates were posted all over Europe to help in guarding aircraft engine plants (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). According to John Allen, author of Cardinal Ratzinger: The Vatican’s Enforcer of Faith, â€Å"Ratzinger was only briefly a member †¦ and not an enthusiastic one at that.† This was mostly due to the fact that an infected finger prevented him from learning how to shoot (Time 40). On September 10, 1944, Ratzinger was given new notice for the â€Å"Reichsarbeitsdienst† (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). He was posted at the H... ...bio). Others also maintain that single quotes from Dominus Iesus are not indicative of intolerance or an unwillingness to engage in dialogue with other faiths, and this is clear from a reading of the entire document (Locker P. Ben XVI bio). They point out that Ratzinger has been very active in promoting inter-faith dialogue (Locker P. Ben XVI bio). Specifically, they argue that Ratzinger has been instrumental at encouraging reconciliation with Lutherans (Locker P. Ben XVI bio). In defending Dominus Iesus, Benedict himself has stated that his belief is that inter-faith dialogue should take place on the basis of equal human dignity, but that equality of human dignity should not imply that each side is equally correct (Locker P. Ben XVI bio). There are many views on how people feel Pope Benedict will do while he holds the title of Pope .When asked about her overall thought of Pope Benedict XVI Lea Gagliardo, a religion teacher for many years, said â€Å"she feels that he will be a wonderful continuation of the beloved ways of John Paul II.† Overall the attitude seems to be that Benedict will be a great Christina leader and he will be able to continue the ways of the beloved John Paul II.

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay

Psychopathy has been around for hundreds of years and with a variety of names. In the early 1800s it was considered â€Å"moral insanity† and was based on the antisocial and nonconformity of individuals in society, but not necessarily criminal (Vitacco, Neuman & Jackson, 2005). Today, the same description holds true to some extent. Merriam-Webster (2008) defines psychopathy as â€Å"a mental disorder† showing symptoms of insensitive and antisocial behavior. In the early view this disorder was viewed as just a deficit of character, where today, psychopathy is viewed as a treatable disorder that has ties to violent and non-violent behaviors (Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007). By the early 1940s, a set standard of 16 criteria was used to diagnose this moral insanity or psychopathy. This diagnosis tool was focused on the behavior and personality traits and actions of the person, but had not been viewed as a factor in studying criminal behavior (Vitacco, Neuman & Jackson, 2005). This early 20th Century research in the field of psychopathy, it has blossomed and grown in to a psychological field of science all its own. In the 1980s the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) which listed the criterion from the initial research as well as new criterion for a total of 20 characteristics. The PCL was used on prisoners and criminally hospitalized people to show a correlation between psychopathy tendencies, and crime and violence. Eventually the PCL was modified a bit more to include the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Psychopathy: Revised (PCL:R), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). All of these checklists have one thing in common; each can be used as a prediction tool in the relation of psychopathy traits and criminal activity (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). In just about every study there are four factors that are considered basic traits of the psychopathy personality. These four factors are found as predictors in each of the PCLs used in today’s psychopathy research. The traits include interpersonal detachment, affective disorders, non-conforming behavioral traits, and general antisocial actions (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). While most of the recent research has been used mainly on the male populations in prisons, juvenile institutions and psychiatric hospitals, the researchers who long believed the standard set did not fit with the female personality have begun to change the mindset. Many demographic factors including gender and race are being used to determine correlations and causes of the psychopathy personality. Psychopathy and Female Gender In more recent years, there has been an insurgent amount of research based on the psychopathy tendencies and predictability of female youth and adult offenders. The initial studies using any of the PCLs and including women as participants did not show a significant correlation between the psychopathic female and criminal behavior. However, more and more studies are showing correlations between and the prediction of criminal behavior in adult and adolescent female individuals with psychopathy personalities. One study of mixed adolescents began with the assumption of female participants having underlying factors that are not accounted for in the normal questions of the CPL:YV. This assumption was based on the ideal of the differences in the development of female and male adolescents. This study discovered some interesting information. While it was unable to predict non-violent activities in male or female participants, the female participants had extreme values in the prediction of violent behavior. This was one of the first studies including females that proved it would be used reliable for prediction of female violence (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006). In fact, the mean association with female prediction was 21. 8 with a standard deviation of 5. 8, while male counterparts had a mean association with prediction of 22. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 9.  This shows a correlation in the reliability of the predicting feature of this checklist in relation to female participants (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006). There have also been studies on adult females with psychopathy traits that have found a decrease in intelligence with an increase in anxiety and psychopathic tendencies. This study allowed researchers to show the validity and reliability of the PCL:SV or PCL:R as a predicting too l in violent behavior and recidivism possibilities in both female inpatients and outpatients who participated in the study. Finally the task is not more just trying to understand the why and what of the male psychopath but the female psychopathy is gaining more ground and more research is being conducted now and in the future (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007) Psychopathy and Race Within many of the same studies that are looking at female psychopaths, researchers are also declaring that race may be a factor in the onset of psychopathy tendencies. Most studies unfortunately, are coming up short with little significance in any correlation between race and psychopathic traits. In fact, the majority of the studies are showing a much higher significance in the correlation between gender and psychopathy than race and psychopathy (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). This does not mean that the researchers will stop working toward finding the cause especially if it is a demographic in nature. Today’s researchers are working long and hard to gain a better understanding of what is the true cause of psychopathy and if there are any signs that we can focus on when the child is still young. Psychopathy Treatments At this time, there is not known, end all, treatment for psychopathy. The reason for this is due to the number of factors that can attribute to the psychopathy traits. Just being antisocial is not psychopath and just being insensitive is not psychopath. The fact of the matter is that most psychopaths enter treatment just to quit almost immediately. The fact that the disorder is not associated with any practical or tangible pain or symptoms make this disorder easily ignored by the patient and the community. Without tangible repercussions, the treatment is meaningless and the individual returns to the actions of the past (Reid & Gacono, 2005). Another problem is that no psychiatric medications seem to work to change the inherent traits of the psychopath. Without the use of normal types of therapy and medication treatment of this disorder is extremely hard. The only treatment that seems to work with psychopaths is the extreme treatments with rigorous and unchangeable schedules such as â€Å"wilderness programs† and such that take the individual out of normal life and into a boot camp like setting with structure and guidance. However, this rigorous lifestyle is usually abandoned as soon and the program is over (Reid & Gacono, 2005). Recidivism of Psychopathy Personalities  Recidivism is basically the chance of a person returning to a way of life that is unacceptable, be the actions criminal, or just not acceptable to the community. In either case, a person who has been diagnosed with a psychopathy disorder is more likely to return to previous actions. In fact, the CPL:R is an incredibly accurate predictor of recidivism in persons with psychopathy tendencies. Studies have shown that a higher value in psychopathy and higher value in anxiety correlates with a lower intelligence value and a better chance of acting out in a violent way. If the violent action had been used previously, then the chance of recidivism was even more likely (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). Another study showed that many women with psychopathy tendencies also have what is called â€Å"selective attention abnormalities† that cause the women to exhibit violent and criminal actions. The action is not emotionally motivated but is an inherent deficit in the personality of the person (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007). Conclusion In reality, more studies have to be conducted on psychopathy in mixed populations as well as single demographic variables. The field may have been around for over 200 years, but it is only now that science is catching up and finally giving some results that researches can use and help to treat this disorder (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). Psychopathy is not psychotic. There is a difference, but the violent tendencies are just below the surface, and the reason the traits are provoked is still widely unknown. The more research and the clearer the view of this disorder, the more help we can offer to those who are diagnosed in the future.

The Unique Architecture of Taj Mahal and Symbolism

Have you ever wondered how it will be like going to place that filled with love, passion, and peace that have been in this world for around 4 centuries? Everyone has seen the photograph of this beautiful monument and it is called the Tax Mall. Tax Mall is Indian's most famous architectural wonder and also one of the most beautiful work of art. Tax Mall is now located in the heart of Agar, India. Tax Mall stands on the bank on river Yamaha. Tax Mall is said to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Tax Mall is one of the beautiful places in India.It's most beautiful buildings, ardent and of course the beautiful tomb attracts many visitors from all over the world. The Tax is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular buildings of the world. Tax Mall, a tomb in India, considered as one of the most beautiful building that man ever created in the world. The Tax Mall meaner, â€Å"Crown palace†. It was built in the year 1631, and it was a tribute to him wife Mutual Mall a Muslim Per sian princess. Shah Johan, the fifth emperor was born on October 15, 1592, on the boarder of the Tar Desert.Johan climbed to the throne in 1628 soon after his father had died. Shah Johan was married to a Persian princess Mutual Mall at the age of sixteen. Both of them had to wait approximately 5 years to get married. Mutual Man's maiden name was changed from Argument Bank to Mutual Mall, which is very common in India after a loyal woman is married. Johan never wanted to be away from Mutual but Mutual always tried to engage with the citizens in Agar. Mutual was very generous, supportive and very helpful towards Shah Johan as well.In the nineteenth year of their marriage, Mutual was about to give birth to her fourteenth child in Bureau Purr when Mutual had complication. Mutual Mall died in A. D. 1629. Johan was there in Bureau Purr for a military crusade and Mutual was there for support. Johan was over whelmed with sorrows of Mutual death. In the early sass's there was an emperor name d Shah Johan the fifth emperor in India. Shah Johan became miserable and depressed. Shah Johan reportedly locked himself in a room and refused drink and food for about eighty days.According to the legend, when he finally came out his black beard was completely white. In the last minute of Mutual death, Mutual extracted four promises. First, that he build the Tax Mall; second, hat he should marry again; third, that he be kind to their children; and finally the forth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. And history states that he kept the first and the second promise, which was to build Tax Mall and that he should get married again. Shah Johan then wanted to fulfill his wife first promise.He made preparation for the construction of Tax Mall. The construction began in A. D. 1631. The building stared to build about 1632 and was completed by 1643 and the surrounding compounds of the building and gardens were completed by 1653. The Tax Mall is sited on the south part of the r iver Yamaha. There were approximately twenty thousand employees working on the project and they worked really hard day and even night. The architects came from India, Persia, Central Asia, and beyond to make plans and preparations. The material came from various part of India.Material did not Just come from India; it also came from Afghanistan, Egypt, and from many other countries. The materials were really rare and it included Jewelries and crystal, jade, amber and many other valuable treasures. They also picked up treasures from the Indian Ocean, rare shells, coral, pearl. Poppas, onyxes, garnets, sapphires, bloodstone, and forty-three types of gems. The white marble was imported from Restaurants, the Jasper from Punjab and the Jade and crystal from China. They also dug up marbles from the hills in the southwest in Jasper in Restaurants.In order to transport the marble, a ten-mile long ramp of tamped earth was built through Agar and elephants and bullock carts dragged the marbles to the building site. Over one- thousand elephants were used to transport building materials during the time of construction. The first building to be constructed was the tomb. The construction started in 1632. The tomb stands cross the garden from all the main gateways. It is built on a raised platform. The tomb stands in the garden and the garden in measured about 1,900 feet by 1,000 feet. The garden is a Muslim symbol of paradise.The surrounding compounds of the building, gardens and the main gateway were completed by 1653. The tomb is positioned on the southern part of the river Yamaha. The tomb is mainly made out of white marble. The building itself is 186 feet square. A large bulb-shaped like a dome is about 187 feet high and 70 feet in diameter, and it ices over the center with four other small domes surrounding on four corners of the building. On each side of the tomb stands four minaret and its purpose is to center the structure and they are about 133 feet high.The small do mes are often referred to as minarets or towers. The side of the towers there is Redstone building, which is a mosque (a building that serves as the main place for Muslims). The visitors come to the Tax Mall through a magnificent red stone gate, decorated with education from the Muslim Holy Bible called â€Å"Quart†. The gate also contains a beautiful, geometrically laid out garden on each side. The main gate is across from the tomb structure and it is 150 feet wide and almost 100 feet tall. The inside of the Tax Mall, the tomb of Shah Khan's beloved wife Mutual Mall.The tomb stands at the center of an octagonal hall. Slightly near the tomb of Mutual Mall lies the tomb of Shah Johan who died in 1666. Both tombs are elaborately fined with semiprecious stones. The stones are clarified by sunlight filtering through richly craved marble screen that is also studded with Jewels. Tax Mall also known as the â€Å"tomb of light. † In order to get to the tomb, a person would hav e to walk through many hallways. This is for beauty and to keep out any unnecessary gate climbers. Many Hindu followers pass through the tomb asking for blessing from the queen's spirit.After praying to the queen, they also pray to the emperor Shah Johan. (â€Å"The Penguin guide to the monuments of India†) The Tax Mall is Indian's most well known structure, and the most beautiful piece of architecture in the world. According to the history, a Turkish Architect built the Tax Mall. The laborers' were engineers, carvers, artists, calligraphers, architects, and craftsmen of all sorts and a verity of common laborers. This architecture is put together of tomb, mosque, gardens, gateways, and fountains.The architect's name is unknown but it is clear that talent came from many part of the Muslim and western part of the world came together in Agar to work on the tomb. The main designer of the Tax Mall was the emperor Shah Johan, but Johan was helped by lot of other men in the world. I ts believed that the architects was an engineer and an astrologers from Persia named Mohamed, but the true architect was a mystery for the world. After the construction, Shah Johan order that every employees' ands should be cut off because Shah Johan never wanted them to built another building again.The Tax Mall, also known as one of the seventh wonders of the world, was created under the emperor Shah Johan; Tax Mall is an exaggerated building Shah Johan built this formation to celebrate his departed wife, Mutual Mall. This enormous creation is beautiful both inside as well as inside the Tax Mall. Johan also felt that the structure would help the citizens of Agar to be more pleased. Shah Johan fell into deep depression after Mutual died and Johan wanted to build something for his bellowed wife, so everyone in the India would know how he emperor felt. The Tax Mall symbolizes the love that Johan had for Mutual Mall.The Tax Mall still has effect on today humankind with tourism. Thousan ds of thousands people visit Tax Mall daily to see the beauty of the creation of Shah Johan and to see how love could have an effect on people life. People go there to see how these outstanding buildings and gardens and they also learn how Tax Mall came to be. The power of one man, it came all true by fulfilling Khan's wife Matzo's promise. The love that emperor Shah Johan had for Khan's wife Mutual has lasted for centuries. And no wonder it is called one of the seventh wonders of the world.The Tax Mall shows how the loss of one man's love can influence the whole world. The gift of Shah Johan and every people who helped to design touched India and the world. â€Å"Online Trip to the Tax Mall†, by Architecture Week, Architecture Week No. 38, 2001. 0214, . 1. Davies, Philip. The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, Volvo II. London: Viking, 1989. Tagged, Christopher. The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaeton Press, 1990. Http://www. Plainclothesmen. Com/tax-mall /tax-architecture. HTML http://library. Thinkers. Org/27638/Tasmania. HTML

The KMT vs. The CCP essays

The KMT vs. The CCP essays The conflict of the Kuomintang(KMT) and the CCP(Chinese Communist Party) became obvious when the leader of the KMT died in August of 1925. This death caused the initial overthrow of Wang Jingwei and finally Chiang Kai-shek. Even before Chiang gained power, however, he had oppressed the CCP by arresting many of the leading Communists in the KMT. When he took over a struggle for the superlative form of government became apparent. The outcome, however, is one with much dispute. Why did the Communist regimes defeat the more equipped and better-aided Kuomintang? I would have to argue that it was mostly the fault of Chiang Kai-shek and the corruption of the KMT. In the following I will give the reasons to support this statement. Firstly, under the control of Chiang, the KMT did not have a very well organized or loyal administration. When the KMT was taking control over the warlord-controlled territories of China, instead of appointing the KMT's officials to oversee his conquered territories, Chiang allied the warlord armies and gave them control without significantly changing the underlying structure of their system. This led to become a very insecure form of government to which Chiang could not trust nor rely on to shape his 'nationalist' ideals. Furthermore, the moment Chiang was out of the warlords' sight, they would go back to being warlords. It was almost a mock-defeat, with Chiang forced to return to these territories to regain his control and weaken his subordinates. Also, Chiang mad no distinction to exactly what form of government he would like to see implemented. While the goal was democracy, the KMT believed that China was not ready for such a system. Or was it Chiang who did not believe that China was ready for this... The second mistake the KMT made is one of disassociation with the masses. Chiang and the KMT made no effort to identify or even communicate with the Chinese people the principles of his system o...

Anne of York, Sister of Two English Kings

Anne of York, Sister of Two English Kings Anne of York Facts Known for: sister of British kings Richard III and Edward IV; she was given control of her first husbands land and titles when he was defeated fighting against Annes brother, King Edward IV. She had ties to the houses of York and Lancaster, the protagonists in the Wars of the Roses.Dates: August 10, 1439 - January 14, 1476Also known as: Duchess of Exeter Background, Family: Mother: Cecily Neville (1411 - 1495), daughter of Ralph, earl of Westmoreland, and his second wife, Joan Beaufort. Joan was a legitimized daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster and a son of King Edward III of England, by Katherine Swynford, whom John married after their children were born. Isabel Neville and Anne Neville, married to Anne of Yorks brothers, were great nieces of Cecily Neville and first cousins once removed to Anne of York and her brothers. Father: Richard, third duke of York (1411 - 1460), son of Richard of Conisbrough, fourth earl of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, fourth earl of March. Richard of Conisbrough was the son of Edmund of Langley, the first duke of York, who was the fourth son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault.Anne Mortimer was the great granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence, who was the second son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. In 1460, Annes father, Richard of York, attempted to take the throne from the Lancastrian Henry VI, based on this ancestry. He reached an agreement with Henry that he would succeed Henry, but shortly after was killed at the battle of Wakefield. His son Edward IV succeeded in March 1461 in toppling Henry VI on the basis of this same claim. Siblings: Joan of York (died in childhood)Henry of York (died in childhood)Edward IV of England (1442 - 1483)Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1443 - 1460)Elizabeth of York (1444 - about 1503), married John de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, who had first been married briefly, before the marriage contract  was dissolved, to Margaret Beaufort (age one or three at the time of the marriage)Margaret of York (1446 - 1503), married Charles the Bold of BurgundyWilliam of York (died in childhood)John of York (died in childhood)George, Duke of Clarence (1449 - 1478), married to Isabel Neville, sister of Anne Neville, Richard IIIs queen consortThomas of York (died in childhood)Richard III of England (1452 - 1485), married to Anne Neville, whose first husband was Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI of EnglandUrsula of York (died in childhood) Marriage, Children: First husband: Henry Holland, third duke of Exeter (1430 - 1475). Married 1447. Holland was an ally of the Lancastrians, and was a commander at Wakefield, St. Albans and the Battle of Towton. He fled to exile after the defeat at Towton. When Annes brother Edward became king, Edward gave control of Hollands estates to Anne. They formally separated in 1464 and divorced in 1472. Anne of York and Henry Holland had one child, a daughter: Anne Holland (about 1455 - between 1467 and 1474). Married Thomas Grey, first marquess of Dorset and son of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IVs wife, by her first husband. When Edward gave control of Hollands estates to Anne of York, the estates were to go to Anne Hollands heirs. But Anne Holland died without any children. Second husband: Thomas St. Leger (about 1440 - 1483). Married 1474. Anne of York died of complications after childbirth at age 36, after bearing her only child by St. Leger, another daughter: Anne St. Leger (January 14, 1476 - April 21, 1526). Anne St. Legers heirs inherited, by an Act of Parliament in 1483, the Exeter estates which had been seized on her mothers behalf from her mothers first husband. That Act gave a part of the inheritance to Richard Grey, one of Elizabeth Woodvilles sons by her first marriage. Anne St. Leger was promised in marriage to Thomas Grey, a grandson of Elizabeth Woodville as well as the son of the widower of Anne St. Legers half-sister, Anne Holland. Anne St. Leger eventually married, instead, George Manners, twelfth baron de Ros.Among Anne St. Legers descendants was Diana, Princess of Wales. In 2012, remains thought to be those of Anne of Yorks brother, King Richard III, were discovered in Leicester; maternal line descendents of Anne of York through Anne St. Leger were used to test DNA and confirm the identity of the remains as those of the king who had died in battle. More About Anne of York: Anne of York was the older sister of two English kings, Edward IV and Richard III. Annes first husband, Henry Holland, duke of Exeter, fought successfully on the side of the Lancastrians against Annes York family at the battle of Wakefield, where Annes father and brother Edmund were killed. Holland was on the losing side at the Battle of Towton, and fled to exile, and his lands were seized by Edward IV. In 1460, Edward IV granted Anne of York her husbands lands, which were to be inherited through her daughter by Holland. That daughter, Anne Holland, was married to one of the sons of Edwards queen, Elizabeth Woodville, by her first husband, further tying the familys fortunes to the York side in the Wars of the Roses. Anne Holland died, childless, sometime after this marriage in 1466 and before 1474, at which time her husband remarried. Anne Holland was between 10 and 19 years old at her death. Anne of York had separated from Henry Holland in 1464 and obtained a divorce in 1472. Amendments before 1472 to Anne of Yorks title to the lands of her first husband made clear that the title and lands would proceed to any of Annes future children, so she may have already begun another relationship before her marriage in 1474 to Thomas St. Leger. Henry Holland drowned after falling overboard from a ship in 1475; rumors were that King Edward had ordered his death. In late 1475, Anne of York and Thomas St. Legers daughter, Anne St. Leger, was born. Anne of York died in January, 1476, of complications of the childbirth. Anne of Yorks Daughter, Anne St. Leger Anne St. Leger, at sixteen weeks old, was already contracted in marriage to Thomas Grey, who was a grandson of Elizabeth Woodville and the son of Anne St. Legers half-sisters widower. Edward IV won an Act of Parliament in 1483 declaring Anne St. Leger the heiress of the Exeter estate and titles, with some of the estate also passing to Richard Grey, another of Elizabeth Woodvilles sons from her first marriage. This Act of Parliament was unpopular with the public, one more example of the favors given to Elizabeth Woodvilles family, and may have contributed to Edward IVs downfall. Anne St. Leger, Anne of Yorks only surviving daughter, never married Thomas Grey. When her uncle, Richard III, ovrthrew her other uncle, Edward IV, he tried to marry Anne St. Leger to Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham. There were also rumors he wanted to marry Anne to his own son, Edward. Thomas St. Leger took part in a rebellion against Richard III. When that failed, he was captured and executed in November, 1483. After the defeat of Richard III and accession of Henry VII, Anne St. Leger married George Manners, twelfth baron de Ros. They had eleven children. Five of the daughters and one of the sons married. Another Anne of York A niece of Anne of York, the daughter of Annes brother Edward IV, was also called Anne of York. The younger Anne of York was the countess of Surrey and lived from 1475 to 1511. She married Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk. Anne of York, countess of Surrey, took part in the christenings of her nephew, Arthur Tudor, and of her niece, Margaret Tudor, children of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The children of Anne of York, countess of Surrey, all predeceased her.

Company Analysis of Nestle Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Company Analysis of Nestle Corporation - Essay Example A situational audit is a comprehensive analysis of an organization’s current state in comparison to its micro and macro economic environment. According to Cherniss and Adler (2000, p. 97), a situational audit helps to establish the organization’s current situation in relation to its marketing objectives. In addition, a situation analysis identifies the future economic performance of the organization if it continues to use its current strategies. Nestle foods has operations in more than eighty countries globally. The organizations expansion strategy is implemented through joint venture and acquisitions. This report presents a situational audit for Nestle Foods, one of the world’s largest organizations. It explores the external, competitive, and internal market factors influencing the organization performance. Finally, it provides an analysis of the suitability of the marketing strategy used by the corporation and provides appropriate recommendations. The Internal environment According to Remenyi, Money and Bannister (2007, p.128), the internal analysis of an organization helps to identify the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The strengths represent the competencies and resources within the organization, which help it to achieve a competitive position in the industry. Nestle foods has numerous strengths which have helped the organization to become one of the worlds largest corporations.... Management of the organization has excelled in creating an environment, which foster innovation in the company. Innovation has helped the organization to achieve internal growth through the ability to meet and surpass consumer expectations. Nestle Foods has uses a low cost strategy which helps the organization to maintain low cost for all operations. Through the low cost strategy, Nestle Foods is able to offer its consumers competitive prices for its products. In addition, Nestle foods have a highly competitive team of research and development in charge of new product development. Nestle Foods has affiliations with major learning institutions and has developed a university where most of its research and development is conducted. The research and development team has enabled Nestle Foods to differentiate its products from those of its competitors in the industry. Another strength that Nestle Foods has its health based weight-management product line. With the growing popularity of heal th foods in the European market and other countries, this presents a lucrative opportunity for Nestle Foods. According to Remenyi, Money and Bannister (2007, p.128), threats are factors in the business environment which may hinder the successful implementation of an organization strategies. Nestle Foods has undertaken an intensive expansion strategy by venturing in many markets in Europe and other continents. However, most markets in Europe are already saturated which may hinder the successful implementation of the Nestle Food’s expansion strategy in European markets. For example, when Nestle Foods launched its yoghurt, Yoplait, in France, it failed to acquire a large market share because Danone is the established brand of yoghurt in the country. Nestle

What differences and what similarities can you describe between Essay

What differences and what similarities can you describe between aviation safety and aviation security - Essay Example Aviation security specifically deals with ensuring that the passengers have a safe flight. It involves intelligent procedures for pre-boarding and after-boarding processes. Airport security personnel are authorized and instructed to individually check every passenger and his luggage to make sure there is no risk of terrorism that is prevailing in the air these days, especially after the unfortunate event of 9/11. If at all aviation security has to deal with the airplane itself, it involves security issues like checking that the cockpit doors are made strong enough to withstand firing, bullets and explosives. Although people use the terms, safety and security, in more or less the same meaning, but when we talk about aviation or air travel, the two terms mean entirely differently. The only similarity is that both concepts deal with ensuring that the flight is entirely out of

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches - Essay Example However, Kamarazaly (2007, p.4) argues that decisions on choosing between outsourcing and in-house should not be based solely on financial evaluation.Comparison of In-House and Outsourcing Approaches Nxt is involved in the business of delivering parcels and it consists of two companies with NXT Services specializing in non-secure items while Nxt Secure deals with secure items. Moreover, the organization sub-contracts other courier companies to deliver 75 percent of all items at a fixed charge. Upon delivery, courier companies have to give feedback to Nxt which in turn scans the feedback to the customer to confirm the delivery. Presently, the company is facing several hurdles in its operations which can be rectified innovation and implementation of modern information technology systems. Nxt currently relies on externally sourced PostCode Address File, hand signed documents upon delivery of items and the driver's information to know the exact place that they are. This has led to variou s problems such as delayed delivery of items, drivers diverting from the route thereby increasing the operational cost and the hand signatures delay the confirmation of delivery. As noted by Zizakovic (2004, p.1), there comes a time when the present process cannot continue for long and the available system starts to show some weakness signals the time for making a decision to build a new system, consequently, the organization has to decide whether to build it in-house or outsource. Nxt has come to this point; the organization has a project support office that can lead the way in building a new system or they can source from a third party. Nxt wants to implement a GPS system that will monitor and relay back information on the exact position of the vehicle in real time. The telemetry system allows the sharing of information and will relay to the hub data on stoppage of the vehicles, detect any problems in the route and thereby facilitate the making of decisions and also improve the se curity of the driver when traveling alone. Moreover, the company is also contemplating investing in PDAs which will help customers to electronically sign on receipt of items thereby dealing with the problem of delayed signatures which are used to monitor performance. PDAs if adopted will also help in identifying new markets and save time used in the delivery. Despite the great potential that implementation of these technologies will have in streamlining the operations of Nxt; the organizations face financial constraints and the fact that it has never been involved in the implementation of such a huge project.

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Example for Free

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Hinduism is not merely a religion, it is also a philosophy and the culture in India, and it has already been a marked part of their everyday living. So much so that everything aspect of their daily lives goes back to it; and it has 950 million followers to wit (mostly from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). Hinduism ranks third as the world’s largest religion after Christianity and Islam, and it is also said to be one of the world’s oldest organized religion along with Judaism (VandeWeghe, 2007). Hinduism and Christianity differ in many ways, and it is rational that there are disagreements and contradictions when two people from different religions involve themselves in a conversation regarding their beliefs. The purpose of this paper is to discover an effective way to build a pleasant relationship with a Hindu in order to be able to share the gospel with them. In order to accomplish this aim, this paper will discuss the origin, beliefs, practices and the views of Hinduism about Christianity and how they differ from the said religion. Hinduism: A Closer Look According to Robinson (2007), besides being called â€Å"Hinduism†, it is also referred to as Sanata Dharma (eternal religion) and Vaidika Dharma (religion of the Vedas). Hinduism has no specific founder and the day that it was born is still unknown; however, there are two theories regarding the origin of the religion. One is the Classical Theory which explains that Hinduism originated at the Indus Valley around 4000BCE to 2200BCE and that its development was due to various foreign invasions particularly of the Indo-Aryan for they are the ones who were said to have brought the religion of Vedism. The other is the Emerging Theory which went against the first theory by proving that there were no foreign invasions along the Indus Valley and that the Vedic religion (Hinduism at 1500BCE to 500BCE) was allowed to flourish by the same group of people who later called themselves Aryan. The Hindu scriptures as well as literatures, which are even older than the Bible’s Old Testament, are the sources of the religion’s beliefs and practices. The most sacred Hindu scriptures are the four Vedas (Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda) which consists of hymns, incantations, rituals and explanations – among which the Rig Veda (1700BCE to 1100BCE) is said to be the oldest. There are also the Upanishads which discussed â€Å"states of consciousness, dreams, meditations, self-realizations and unity†; the Darshanas which consists of six philosophical system and teachings derived from the Vedas; and lastly and the most recent, the Puranas which tells the stories of the most recent gods (Reid Corduan, 2008). Hinduism also has the two great epics that show the virtues and ideals that are significant to the religion; the first is the Ramayana which is a tale about a prince named Rama and his wife, Sita, and the Mahabarata, a collection of poems which states the duties of a â€Å"religious, law-abiding man† (Mason, 2000). Not only is Hinduism one of the oldest and largest religions, it is also said to be the most complex one (McDowell, 2002). There are various beliefs in Hinduism and one of them is the very popular and highly criticized Caste System which is said to be the cause of inequality and harsh laws in India. There are four main castes; the Brahmin (priest-teachers), kshatriyas (soldier-nobles), vaishyas (merchants) and sudras (servants). In the early periods, it was supposed to be part of the divine order, however, as years passed by, subcastes were developed and there came the outcastes or the untouchables – people who do not belong to any of the four main castes (Perry, 1989). Associated with this system are other beliefs. The belief that each of them have dharma (duty), depending on which caste they were born into; they also believe in karma and samsara (reincarnation) – thus, they believe that if they do their duty properly, they will have good karma and will be reincarnated into a higher class. On the contrary, if they did not, they might be reincarnated to the lower class or even as an animal. Their goal is to achieve moksha (release), which is their concept of salvation. Here they would not be liberated from sin but to life existence itself for they believe that as long as they are in the maya (phenomenal world) suffering would never stop because of karma and samsara. Moksha can be attained in three ways, by â€Å"way of works†, â€Å"way of knowledge† and â€Å"way of devotion† (bhakti) which is the most popular one, in which a person will completely devote himself to a certain god and the latter will take care of everything in his behalf (Reid Corduan, 2008). In early Hinduism, Jesus Christ has no particular role in the religion and is not even mentioned in their scriptures; however, due to the rise of Christianity, Hindu thinkers thought of a place where they could put Jesus Christ in their religion. According to Reid and Corduan (2008), since Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, the Hindus viewed Jesus Christ as one of the incarnations or avatars of Brahman who, like Rama and Krishna, is a â€Å"divine self-embodiment† in order to preserve Hindu teachings and another way was by saying that Jesus Christ spent his â€Å"silent years† in India to proclaim the teachings of Hinduism. Nevertheless, Hindus’ incorporation of Jesus Christ into their religion does not seem to fit properly. According to McDowell (2002), Hinduism is known to be tolerant towards other religions because of similarities with Hinduism. This is believed to be one of the characteristics of a polytheistic and henotheistic (believing in one god and regarding other gods and goddesses as just manifestations) religions. However, due to rise of a nationalistic political party which took hold of the India’s government, the separation of church and state collapsed and religious tolerance went down as well, increasing anti-Christian violence in the country (Robinson, 2007). Christianity and Hinduism has numerous differences and some of them are the following: Hinduism’s Supreme Being is the Brahman, an indefinable and impersonal deity, while Christianity has a loving, personal and caring Creator. Hinduism looks at man as a materialization of Brahman who has no value and self-worth at all, whereas, Christianity proclaims that man is created in the very image of God that deserves to love and be loved despite their sinful deeds. When it comes to sins, there are no sins that are committed against Brahman, things that were done wrong are taken as results of ignorance that can be redeemed by following the duty of a specific caste to which the person belongs to and the path going to salvation. On the other hand, wrongdoings that are done within Christianity is taken as acts of rebellion against God. Salvation in Hinduism is referred to as moksha and can be attained in three ways which cannot be accomplished in one lifetime, while salvation in the Christian sense is granted by God to those who deserve it after being separated from him. Lastly, even their view of the material world differ – for a Hindu, the material world is an extension of Brahman and just a transitory and secondary importance; on the contrary, Christians see the material world as an objective reality and a something total different from God (McDowell, 2002). However, despite these differences, it is said that Hindus accept Jesus, but not the Christian relgion. In fact, they even refer Christianity to â€Å"Churchianity. † According to Abhedananda (2002), Hindus can tell apart the religion of Jesus Christ from the religion of the Church for the reason that the true religion of Jesus Christ is a religion of the heart. Thus, it has no dogma and no theology, no rituals and ceremonies, and is not based from a book. From their perspective, the religion of the Church is based from a book, is full of creeds and rituals, and even has an organized way of preaching them. When it comes to the Gospels, they see it as full of inconsistencies and discrepancies, and one very doubtful area for the Hindus comes from their awareness that Jesus Christ did not have His own writings and that there are no precise and contemporary accounts of His life inside and outside of the Bible. In order to share the Gospels to the Hindus, Rev. Dharmaraj (2001), gave some advice to approach the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospels. He said that one should determine and understand what type of Hindu community one intends to visit, since there are different sects that belong to Hinduism. Next, he said that one should explain the concepts incorporated in the Gospels in order for them to understand the Gospels for they have their own understanding of God, salvation, sin, among others. Lastly, Christians should deal with the challenges of dogmatism, risks of syncretism and to focus on evangelism. In addition, according to Reid and Corduan (2008), a Christian should connect with the person rather with the person’s religion; Christians should approach them along with humanitarian efforts and outreach projects since Hinduism does not cater to such. Through a combination of these, Hindus have already felt the kind of loving relationships that pay no attention to the caste which have long been abolished but is still being practiced. The salvation of Christianity even reached them in a way, and it even made them accept Jesus Christ more as they felt that they have been freed from the dark aspects of Hinduism. The one who comes from above is above all. The one who is of the earth is earthly and speaks of earthly things. But the one who comes from heaven [is above all]. He testifies to what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. Whoever does accept his testimony certifies that God is trustworthy. For the one whom God sent speaks the words of God. He does not ration his gift of the Spirit. The Father loves the Son and has given everything over to him. Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God remains upon him. (John 3:31-36, NAB) In the given Gospel, in order for a Hindu to understand it, one should clarify that the God in the Gospel is the Creator and that His son is Jesus Christ, the Savior of mankind from sins. In addition, it will also be better to give a slight background of what the Gospel is about – say that at this point in the Gospel, the Savior have finally presented Himself in front of the people. The Hindu should also be informed that â€Å"eternal life† is referring to the promised salvation in a Christian context and that it can only be attained by believing in Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the Christian should also point out what â€Å"the wrath of God† means, so that the Hindu could have insights as to the consequences of not obeying their God. And since this pertains to the concept of Hell, it should be also explained again in totality for Hindus do not have this concept in their belief system. Hinduism is a large complex religion that is older than Christianity. If one would be able to understand the essentials of this religion, it would be easy to reach out to the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospel. Christians have their views about Hinduism and Hindus likewise have their own views about Christianity. While they criticize and contradict each other about most of the aspects of their beliefs, setting them aside for awhile in order to learn about one another’s religion makes it possible to establish not just communication but also an open, two-way relationship. To share a Gospel to Hindus, proper understanding of Hinduism is required along with the use of an effective interpersonal approach. References Mason, C. (2000). A short history of Asia – Stone Age to 2000AD. London: Palgrave Macmillan Perry, M. (1989). A history of the world.Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Holy Bible: the new American Bible. (1987). Nashville: Thomas Nelson Abhedananda, S. (2002). Why a Hindu accepts Christ and rejects Churchianity. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Hinduism website: http://www. hinduism. co. za/jesus. htm Dharmahal, P. (1992). Communicating Christ to the Hindu world. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from Mission Frontiers website: http://www. missionfrontiers. org/1992/0912/sd9211. htm McDowell, J. (2002). A ready defense. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Jesus Who website: http://www. greatcom. org/resources/areadydefense/ch24/default. htm Reid, P. Corduan, W. (2008). About Hinduism. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Christian Answers Network website: http://christiananswers. net/evangelism/beliefs/hinduism. html Robinson, B. A. (2007). Hinduism: the world’s third largest religion. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Religious Tolerance website: http://www. religioustolerance. org/hinduism. htm VandeWeghe, R. (2007). Prepared to answer. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Windmill Ministries website: http://www. windmillministries. org/frames/CH30A. htm

Trends In Economic Botany: The Rising Use Of Herbal Supplements :: Botany

Trends In Economic Botany: The Rising Use Of Herbal Supplements The use of herbal remedies to treat health problems in humans is a tradition that dates back many centuries. A precursor to modern, Western pharmaceuticals, traditional healers used herbs to treat a wide range of ailments and afflictions. While many are familiar with their use by American Indians, the practice of herbal therapy dates back to ancient Chinese and Egyptian healers. Herbs were used in ancient times to treat anything from headaches (with willow bark tea, now an active ingredient in aspirin) to fever and premenstrual syndrome (with chamomile). In an age of modern pharmaceuticals and their ready availability in Western culture, it is easy to forget that approximately 40% of today's modern medicines are produced with chemicals derived from plants (Counter 1998). In a trend reversal that has the modern medical community alarmed and puzzled, the sales of herbal remedies in the Untied States has increased dramatically. Traditionally, Europe has been the largest market for herbal remedies, accounting for 45% or $7.5 billion in sales for 1997 (Scimone and Scimone 1998). Within Europe, Germany dominates the market with sales of $3.6 billion, followed by France ($1.8 billion), Italy ($800 million) and the United Kingdom ($300 million) (Scimone and Scimone 1998). Growth in the European market was predicted to be 5-10% in 1998-1999 and 15-20% in 1999-2000 (Scimone and Scimone 1998). The European market has become solidly established over the past 80 years, with a modest growth rate until recent years that has shown another upward trend. The United States market is a completely different story. The herbal industry has "evolved exponentially over the past two years, with significant entry into the mass market within the past two years" (Botanicals International 1998). Sales of herbal supplements reached $4 billion in 1998, up from $1.6 billion in 1994 , a rise of 250% (American Botanical Council 1998). Sales have been projected to increase between 50-100% in 1998-99 and between 20-25% in 2000-01(Scimone and Scimone 1998). What has caused this dramatic increase? While an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine (1998) blamed this "reversion to irrational approaches" on "disillusionment with the often hurried and impersonal care delivered by conventional physicians", it is also viewed as the economic influence of the aging baby-boomers. As they have become older, this generation has become more health conscious and increasingly dissatisfied with conventional medicine in their attempts to diminish the adverse effects of aging (Brenneman 1999).

Environmental Stressors Essay

The objective of the authors was to identify the psychosocial and environmental factors which young people who receive special education are associated with. The authors conducted a research in Public schools located in Minnesota with the aim of testing the psychosocial and environmental factors between people who have attended special education and those who have not. The total number of adolescents who participated in the research was 121848. The findings revealed that the adolescents who had attended special education experienced higher levels of psychosocial and environmental problems compared to adolescents who had not. This paper aims at analyzing the article â€Å"Environmental stressors and emotional status of adolescents who have been in special eduction classes† by Iris Wagman and Michael Resnick. Introduction. There has been an increase in the number of young people who receive special education, in recent days. This has been attributed to the increase in cases of physical and mental health disability. In the article being analyzed, the authors begin by giving statistics on the number of children who receive special education. They put this figure at ten percent of all children aged between six and seventeen, with another 750000 children being at risk of developing similar disabilities. According to Borowsky and Resnick (1998), bbetween 1976 and 1994, the number of adolescents who receive special education has risen from 3. 7 million to 5. 4 million. Funding for this education has also increased to $2. 32 billion from $373 million in a similar period. The high number of children who suffer from these disorders necessitates the need to improve the welfare of disabled people. Literature review. The authors intend to investigate the difference in psychosocial and environmental factors experienced by adolescents who attend special schools in comparison to those who do not. As has been stated, this was necessitated by the large number of children who experience developmental disability. The increase in the number of students who attend special schools followed the passage of the Handicapped Children Act in 1975, which empowered the disabled children to access appropriate and free education. However, there is limited information on the outcome of special education on these students. This is due to the reason that most surveys that have been carried out in the past have ignored them. Most researches which have been carried out have focused on the welfare of young adults who have received special education. These studies have proved that most of them acquire employment after finishing high school and other training programs. Further studies of children with learning disorders have revealed that there is an association between child neglect and abuse, and learning impairment. However, the extent to which psychosocial and environmental factors which young people who receive special education experience has not been conclusively researched. This is the major reason why the researchers carried out the research on the subject. Methods and procedures. In obtaining the data, all public schools in Minnesota participated, with the exception of one school. A questionnaire was given to 131000 students in public schools in grade six, nine and twelve. About 3% of the surveys had questionable accuracy and were thus excluded. According to Borowsky and Resnick (1998), the questionnaire had a completion time of about an hour, and was designed at the reading level of fifth graders. The questionnaire was given with parental consent, and the students were also allowed to ignore any questions they did not wish to answer. This is commendable, since flexibility enabled the students to be comfortable with the questionnaire. This survey is carried out after every three years, which is consistent and enables results to be comparable. However, the authors do not describe the weaknesses of the use of questionnaires as a source of data collection. According to Kothari (2005), qquestionnaires have many disadvantages and some of them include the fact that the questions are standardized, which presents the risk of misinterpretation by the respondent. Questionnaires do not also present the possibility of probing responses, which limits the extent to which a researcher can get an insight on the opinion of the participant. Another limitation of a questionnaire is that some people only present socially desirable behavior when answering them, which may limit the accuracy of questionnaires. Finally, open ended questions can generate long responses, and this may present difficulties in processing the data. These weaknesses should have been disclosed to people who will rely on this information for decision making. Results and data analysis. The results revealed that 14. 9% of female and 20. 8% of males had attended special education classes. The students who had attended these special classes had higher chances of performing poorly in academics, as compared to the students who had not attended these classes. Boys who had attended special education classes were four times more likely to have difficulties in reading, compared to those who had not attended these classes. On the other hand, girls who had attended special education classes were six times more likely to have difficulties in reading, compared to those who had not attended these classes. Boys who had attended special education classes were three times more likely to have below average grades, compared to those who had not attended these classes. On the other hand, girls who had attended special education classes were also three times more likely to have below average grades, compared to those who had not attended these classes. The students who attended special education classes reported higher instances of not living with their adoptive or biological parents. In the case for boys, 43. 9% of special education students and 31. 8% of children who did not attend special classes reported not living with their adoptive or biological parents respectively. On the other hand, in the case for girls, 42. 4% special education students and 30. 2% of children who did not attend special classes reported not living with their adoptive or biological parents respectively. In terms of family violence, more than one and a half times as many boys and girls who had attended special education school, experienced family violence, compared to those who did not attend these schools. However of the students who experienced abuse, girls outnumbered boys by three times. The levels of emotional status varied between sixth, ninth and twelve graders. These findings reveal that the students who attend special schools experience higher proportions of non traditional and single parent households, compared to those who did not attend these schools. The findings also revealed that the students who attend special schools experience higher proportions of having family members with drug or alcohol problems. They suffered from poor emotional health and sexual abuse. However, female students suffered more than their male peers regarding sexual abuse. These findings are consisted with others which have been done in the past, which reveal that children of parents who either abuse alcohol or experience family violence, are likely to perform poorly as compared to those of families which do not experience these problems. The findings are particularly useful for groups which advocate for the rights of children or disabled people, since they expose the problems which such children experience. Summary and conclusion The authors have presented the research in an internationally acceptable format, though there have been a few weaknesses. The only weakness in the presentation of the paper is the lack of a clear hypotheses statement. Other weaknesses include the fact that the authors did not reveal the weaknesses of the use of questionnaire. The authors did not also give the weaknesses of the use of secondary sources of data when gathering information. They used academic journals to gather information, yet they did not mention the weaknesses of using them in research. Some weaknesses include the fact that there is no possibility of verifying the information gathered. Another weakness is that if the original journal was biased and the authors rely on it for writing the research, then it is likely that the research will also be biased (Kumar, 2005). These weaknesses should have been mentioned since they are useful for people who will use the research to make decisions. However the research has been comprehensively covered. The use of academic journals reduces the chances of bias since they are written by scholars. The references represent a diversity of sources, a fact which makes the research more comprehensive and valid. This research can be used as a basis for future research. For instance, a future research can be carried out with the aim of finding out the causes of disparity between the levels of girls and boys attending special schools, who have been sexually abused. References Kothari, C. R. (2005). Research Methodology: Techniques & Methods. New York: New Age Publishers. Kumar, R. (2005). Research Methodology: A Step-by-step Guide for Beginners. New York: SAGE. Borowsky, I. W. , Resnick, M. D. (1998). Environmental Stressors and Emotional Status of Adolescents Who Have Been in Special Education Classes. Archpediatrics adolesc Med Journal. Retriev