Assessment 1 The Report supply chian magement (SM2038) Essay

Appraisal 1 The Report flexibly chian magement (SM2038) - Essay Example Gracefully chain the executives is profoundly engaged with the fruitful accomplishment of wanted degrees of efficiency and benefit by any organization or association. One of the key variables of flexibly chain the board procedure is buying. Gadde and Hakansson (1993) found that buying is viewed as one of the key vital capacities to be performed by the administration of any association so as to accomplish showcase control in a serious market. In my view, determination of appropriate providers for an organization is fundamentally significance since providers are legitimately associated with the assembling procedure of any item as they gracefully the crude material to the organization which has its impact while setting up the cost for an item. Providers regularly charge various costs to the pieces of the items that they gracefully to an organization. An organization ought to consistently choose a provider who ought to convey the crude material and required pieces of an item at a prudent cost to the organization since it is significant for an organization to set a serious cost for any item. What's more, serious costs must be set up whenever cost of assembling of an item is not exactly then genuine cost of that item in the market. Portage (2002) found that the goal of choosing a reasonable provider so as to chop down the assembling cost of an item can be accomplished by examining past exhibitions of different providers. Ayers (2001) found that the investigation with respect to providers ought to be founded on the suppliers’ validity, nature of the crude material that the providers give to the organization, and the cost at which they flexibly the crude material. After a total examination, the buying chief should choose a dependable and most sound provider. Cost of an item is constantly set up by deciding the real assembling cost of the item. On the off chance that an organization needs to accomplish

Bayezid I :: Ancient History European

Bayezid I-(r.1389-1402) Ottoman ruler who began to assault Constantinople in 1395. The Europeans considered him to be another danger to Christendom, and Hungary’s lord drove English, French, German, and Balkan knights in a campaign against the Turks. He vanquished them at Nicopolis, and moved their capital from Bursa to France. In the event that Bayezid had not vanquished the Christians, the Ottoman Empire probably won't have taken Constantinople. The armed forces of Timur vanquished him close to Ankara in 1402 where he was taken prisoner and passed on in imprisonment. Captiulations-offered independence to outsiders living in a Muslim region (a training embraced by the Ottomans). European nationals were liberated from having to bey Ottoman laws or make good on charges. This pulled in European brokers, and saved the hassocks from settling their questions. Framework embraced from the Mamluks. Constantinople previous capital of the Byzantine Empire and of the Ottoman Empire , since 1930 formally called Istanbul (for area and portrayal, see Istanbul ). It was established (AD 330) at antiquated Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The biggest and most magnificent European city of the Middle Ages, Constantinople shared the wonders and changes of the Byzantine Empire, which at long last was diminished to the city and its environs. Albeit assaulted multitudinous occasions by different people groups, it was taken just three timesâ€in 1204 by the military of the Fourth Crusade (see Crusades ), in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II. Guarded by Greek fire , it was likewise very much invigorated. An early internal divider was raised by Constantine I, and the augmented Constantinople was encircled by a triple mass of strongholds, started (fifth penny.) by Theodosius II. Based on seven slopes, the city on the Bosporus introduced the presence of an invulnerable post encasing an ocean of heavenly royal residences and overlaid vaults and towers. In the tenth penny., it had a cosmopolitan populace of around 1 million. The Church of Hagia Sophia , the holy royal residence of the rulers (a city in itself); the tremendous hippodrome, focal point of the mainstream life; and the Golden Gate, the central passageway into the city; were among the biggest of the scores of holy places, open buildings, and landmarks that lined the expansive arcaded roads and squares. Constantinople had an incredible abundance of masterful and scholarly fortunes before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453.

done done done

done done done hi internet! i took my last final this morning and am now done with junior year. i havent blogged in a while, so i thought id write up a post about my semester. classes i only had one final this semester, and for the first time in recent memory, i dont feel burned out at the end of the semester! the final was for 14.64 (labor economics), a class i loved (not reflected by my spotty attendance). in many of my course 14 classes, ive ended up reducing the problems to mathematical manipulations and letting myself lost sight of the underlying economic intuitionsthis class did a great job of highlighting the real-world implications of models and integrating empirical papers that tested these implications. in my other classes, i either had late-semester exams that werent technically finals or final projects. another of the classes i took was wgs.111 (gender and media studies), for which i got to write a final paper about the cosmetics brand Glossier. the paper is here. protip: if you want to stop yourself from spending money on a brand, write an essay on their marketing strategy so you never want to visit their website or see their logo ever again :~) as ive mentioned before, i took cms.307 with junot díaz in the fall; that class introduced to me a bunch of frameworks for thinking about gender and race, and i wanted to continue thinking about those things this semester. wgs.111 was fairly low time-commitment but allowed me to continue thinking critically about gender, which was fun and somewhat therapeutic. another of the classes i took this semester was 18.104 (seminar in analysis). this is a communication-intensive course in math, which, in this case, meant that lectures consisted primarily of students taking turns teaching material from the textbook (the subject this year was the calculus of variations). there was also a final paper. my partner and i wrote about minimal surfaces, which are [a superset of] surfaces that minimize surface area for a given boundary (technicality: they are a superset because surfaces that dont actually minimize area but are critical points are also called minimal surfaces). i thought the subject material for this class was pretty interesting, and i appreciated the flexibility of being able to write a paper on a chosen topic. the last class i took this semester was 18.702 (algebra ii). i dropped this class last spring because i royally screwed up an exam, and then i royally screwed up a different exam post-drop-date in the same class this year. for some reason this class was exceptionally hard for mespent many many hours on it, still struggled to wrap my head around materialbut i guess i managed to scrape through it. it was the kind of thing where i felt like i had to work twice as hard as other people to see half the results, but ive definitely been on the other end before, and im trying to not feel too bad about it. outside of coursework, i also UROPed + took a PE class; otherwise, i didnt have many regular commitments! (all my clubs are very low time commitment, especially during spring semester) thoughts on what i hope to do with my life i realized at some point during the semester that i actually really, really like economics, which was kind of a happy accident. as a freshman, i ended up in this major because i liked both math and the humanities, and economics seemed like a reasonable compromise; i also read poor economics and freakonomics and thought they were interesting books. then, for a while, i was knee-deep in theory courses, which sometimes feel dry and far removed from the sorts of things that made me interested in economics in the first place. fortunately, this year, i think ive developed a much better grasp on what economics actually is and what sorts of problems economists study: some of that has been informed by my economics coursework, some from UROPing, some from reading the news and academic papers, some from making connections between the cs/math/data work ive done. i think ive realized that its a field where people are studying the sorts of problems i like to think about using the sorts of tools that i think are interesting to learn. i have been trying to reconcile my actual interests with my long-held vision of The Person Im Supposed To Become. ive been realizing that my strongest and most enduring interestsas in, the things i think about in my free timeare mostly nontechnical, and it sort of feels like a fall from grace to move from being a token-woman-who-is-good-at-STEM to wanting to do slightly less theoretical work that is more meaningful and interesting to me. its not a big deal, just a small source of frustration that some of my course 14 friends, especially those who are women and who switched from STEM majors, have empathized with. other miscellaneous things 1) my attendance of things (classes, meetings, talks) in general was probably at an all-time (where all-time refers to the time ive been in college) high this semester. this was probably because most of my classes took attendance and because im getting better and better at managing my mental health. i took advantage of the many interesting talks that MIT hosts by actually showing up to some of them, and some of them have been helpful in exposing me to new concepts to think about and articles/books to read. heres a list of some talks and talk-ish things ive attended: david autor, the china shock: economic and political consequences of chinas rise for the united states hal varian, google tools for data martin omalley @ harvard law on the future of progressive politics david card,   what do editors maximize? evidence from four leading economics journals. this was hilarious because it was the department-wide seminar, and the primary audience seemed to be facultyrare and funny to see so many professors in a room bantering. jamelle bouie, race and racism in the 2016 presidential election cass sunstein, behavioral science and nudges: environmental protection and sustainability emily nagoski, beyond consent. super informative and interesting talk organized by [emailprotected] (peers leading education about sexuality and speaking up for relationship empowerment). i (and Yuliya K. 18!) am in the burchard scholars program this semesterits a dinner seminar program that allows students interested in HASS to eat nice food and listen to a short talk by a HASS professor once a month. so far, weve had talks on horror films, economic history, jihadist texts, and the war on cancer. 2) ive read just two books this year, just kids by patti smith and being mortal by atul gawande (which i read because someone mentioned it at the last burchard dinner). would recommend both! 3) i am currently really into the song play by iamamiwhoami right now. its this wildly grand swedish pop (electronic pop?) song that is totally not my usual type of music. beautiful and intense auditory experience. 4) theres been a lot of mess and a lot of cleanup this year. as ive mentioned before, fall semester was extraordinarily rough for me, and at the beginning of this semester, i spent so much time on the third and fourth floors of medical that it felt like i was taking an extra class. now i am doing betteri get to spend time with beloved friends and books, listen to music that brings me joy, watch the sun set over the charles, walk alone without fear. i get to do things i enjoy, think about things i care about, and call it work. im looking forward to the summer :) Post Tagged #18.702 Algebra II #Burchard Scholars #Course 14 - Economics #[emailprotected]

`` Samurai s Garden `` And `` Things Fall Apart ``

The word isolation is defined as meaning, â€Å"The state of being in a place or situation that is separate from others† (Merriam Webster 1). Isolation is very powerful in that it leads to many negative effects and causes people to feel left out, as well as, separated from the group. However, isolation can have differing effects on different people, while isolation can negatively affect some, it can also cause people to find themselves. Through the use of the characters Stephen, Sachi, and Okonkwo, the topic of what isolation really is will be assessed, and what exactly this very same isolation can cause will be found. In Samurai’s Garden by Gail Tsukiyama, and in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Stephen, Sachi, Okonkwo and Nwoye, are all isolated, thus causing them to strive to regain identity in their new lives. During Samurai’s Garden the topic of isolation is exemplified through the characters Stephen and Sachi. Both of these characters are isolated in their own ways and have both differing and similar effects because of this. However, they are both individually isolated for valid reasons that were mostly out of their control. As such, this isolation has caused them to become enlightened as to who they truly are and the new identity that they have obtained. The character Stephen for example, is sent away from his family and friends in order to go live in Tarumi after he becomes very ill. This serves as a prime example of isolation of others by one s own peers. This optionShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of No Name Woman6151 Words   |  25 Pagesin which traditional discipline and control enforced the self-supporting village to maintain their balanced dependency.   In return, Kingston states that, â€Å"the villagers punished her [aunt] for acting as if she could have a private life, secret and apart from them.†Ã‚   Kingston therefore fully understands that her aunt had attempted to distance herself away from the villagers’ way of life possibly on her own will, and through doing so committed an act of treason punishable with severity by those whoRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, AmericanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesglobalization, both of which can be seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuries suggests the need for flexibility in demarcating phases of world history, and for determining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary

The Relationship between Organized Crime and Politics in...

Sociological significance of the relationship between organized crime and politics in the US The Money and the Power is the outcome of five years of study by award-winning investigative journalists Sally Denton and Roger Morris into the founders, finances as well as unholy associations that transformed a dusty desert crossroads into the de facto capital of criminal America. Starting with the city’s mobster godfathers, Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky and their on-site representatives and followers like Texas thug Benny Binion, Denton and Morris expose amazing relationships between organized crime and revered Nevada and national political figures like Pat McCarran, Robert Laxalt, Papa Joe, Jack and Robert Kennedy, Arizona’s Goldwater family, and Richard Nixon. However, according to the authors, the sticky-sweet entice and infectious corruption of Las Vegas doesn’t end with underground political influence. Money laundering and defrauds of truly marathon proportions concerning the CIA, illegal drug cartels, Mormon bankers, the unions, Howard Hughes, substandard political burgles and apparently failed political assassinations round out an account of current U. S. history that is forthrightly awful in its implications. Denton and Morris indicate to explain that Las Vegas is both the symbol and the fruit of a new American order, a means of life that admits, supports and uses misapprehensions, diversion, disgraceful shams and the pessimistic operation of a people by theirShow MoreRelatedConflict Analysis : Mexico And Central America1687 Words   |  7 Pages In this paper, I will focus on Policy Issues through Conflict Analysis in Latin America. First, I will talk about the differences and critiques in the Merida Initiative: Mexico and Central America. Then, I will focus on â€Å"Drug War†: Lenses, Frames, and â€Å"Seeing† Solutions. I will then talk about, â€Å"conflict analysis ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬, a lens for viewing conflict that brings into focus a multilevel, integrative diagnosis of the violence in Mexico and supports recent evolutions in Plan Merida toward a more holisticRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Prohibition in Canada1061 Words   |  5 Pagesillegalization of alcohol, Canada still became a lot darker. Organized crime and bootlegging became a lot bigger since people wanted to keep drinking regardless of what the law said. Thanks to this many police became overburdened and stressed out since they had to keep going out of their way to arrest these people going against the law. It does not end there thou gh; many people also lost their jobs since alcohol became illegal and had to resort to crime. It still gets worse. Alcohol was sold in the same mannerRead MoreEssay on Prohibition: A Call For Reformation928 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late eighteenth century, reformers and politics debated the sale of alcohol for many reasons. Issues such as prohibition caused many individuals to engage in politics and propaganda sometimes took the focus off the real problems. President Cleveland won the election in 1884 for the Republican Party, it was said to have been because of a quote by a Republican clergyman. Directed primarily toward Democrats, it labeled them the party of â€Å"rum, Romanism, and rebellion.† In 1850 annual consumptionRead Moreâ€Å"The War On Drugs Is A Big Fucking Lie†. In Recent History,1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief that those associated with Mexico are inherently criminals and must be kept out of the United States. Latin America is looked at as a c orrupt place, teeming with drugs and criminals, that is tainting the wonderful and pure United States. Yet, drug trafficking from Latin America is much more complex than what is often portrayed. Dan Slater’s Wolf Boys examines the drug trade between Mexico and the United States, through the life of a cartel member named Gabriel Cardona, and unpacks the realitiesRead MoreReligious Communities and The Consumption of Alcohol1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe legislation surrounding the banning of alcohol in America had intent to boost a moral and righteous America however and was not expected to affect the economy however; the country responded in a polar way; corrupting officials, hurting the economy and American people, and even dividing the country and its politics. The Prohibition was put in place to benefit America; to do away with drunkenness and make America more productive and healthy. Although the intentions of the legislations were goodRead MoreTypes Of Crime And Violence Against Tourists1620 Words   |  7 Pages Types of Crime and Violence against Tourists It is often said by Jamaican government sources that Jamaica has one of the lowest crime rates for tourists in the Caribbean. This is arguable, but not entirely wrong. It is true that there are few reported crimes committed against tourists in Jamaica. According to (OSAC 2016), â€Å"most criminal activity is Jamaican-on-Jamaican violence, often involving organized crime elements and gangs, however, these occurrences can impact American visitors.† TouristRead MoreWhy Is Violence Become Such Part Of The Transnational Drug Culture? Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesculture? The violence is a topic widely discussed in different journalistic media: newspapers, magazines, radio and television programs, as well as being a topic of debate among State officials; however, we have so far been able to say who we are organized on the left. Maybe because we do not consider it to be the main problem of the people abuse in the country, perhaps because it is a problem that we consider to be for eign, or permanently in the official discourse. However at this point it is undeniableRead More Prohibiton Was a Failure Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution went into effect on January 16, 1920, with three-fourths vote from congress (Boorstin 994). The National Prohibition of Alcohol was adopted to solve social problems, reduce the crime rate, stop corruption and minimize the tax burden created by prisons. Some immediate results of the amendment included organized crime and the corruption of public officials. As time went on, the stock market crashed, the Great Depression began, and people no longer viewed Prohibition as a question of moral valuesRead MoreWar On Drugs : A Comparative Analysis Of Human Rights Violation1339 Words   |  6 PagesHermione Dorce Richard Stahler-Sholk PLSC 367 07 April 2016 War on drugs or a war on people ? A comparative analysis of human rights violation in Latin America Ever since the War on Drugs campaign began there has been a more complex relationship between the U.S and Latin America. While the media portrays the U.S as providing aid to Latin America to combat such issues, the U.S is also seen as a victim in the war on drugs. Over the course of the war on drugs numerous human rights violations haveRead MoreThe Civil Law System : The United States Of The American Society For A Long Time Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsible for their action they take upon the law enforcement and in the early stages of expansion in their communities. Policing has been changed rapidly over the years. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights, where these right implies to everyone that is a citizen in America. The police play a major role in making sure that all people gets their rights no matter where they from, their religion and the color of their skin per the First Amendment. The Criminal

Natural Gas And Its Effects On The United States - 1815 Words

Under the Surface Hydraulic fracturing, or hydro fracking, is a sizeable issue for many. The process includes pumping the fracking fluid, which is a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals deep below the surface to fracture the rock and free the natural gas. People are either in favor or against hydro fracking. There is no in-between. While it is highly controversial regarding the safety of hydrofracking, some argue it’s unsafe because it contaminates the ground water, facts show otherwise. Many tests have been completed and studies have shown in a majority of the cases, that it is safe. However, it questions the overall safety if not all tests were proven successful. It is the social responsibility of the community to modify hydrofracking policies in order for the complete agreement of society’s benefit from it. Hydrofracking should be allowed to take place in the United States despite the environmental concerns. Natural gas is more beneficial to society than oil and coal because it is better for the atmosphere, and the domestic economy within the United States. Fracking is a viable energy windfall that is drilled using safe technology. â€Å"[Hydro fracking] is a technique used to form wells into deep-rock formations to get natural gas, petroleum, and brine† (Hyder). â€Å"This process began in 1947, and in 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing operations have been used worldwide (1 million sites in America)† (Hyder). Fracturing fluid is pumped into the rock to increaseShow MoreRelatedFracking And The Gas Industry1573 Words   |  7 PagesSince the turn of the millennium, hydraulic fracturing - a process for extracting natural gas- has spread rapidly across the United States. High volume hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking,† is a process in which water and chemicals are injected into shale formations underground in order to release trapped natural gas. As fracking spreads throughout the United States, there are more and more reported cases of contaminated drinking water and illness among citizens living near fracking sites. Even withRead MoreFracking Is Too Harsh On The Environment1129 Words   |  5 Pagestaught by Mrs. Gigante Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States Hydraulic Fracturing, also known as fracking, is directly linked to having effects on the environment and the overall public health. The debate on whether or not fracking is too harsh on the environment has been going on ever since the United States has increased its use of this process to obtain more natural resources. Hydraulic fracturing is also directly correlated to having effects on drinking water. The process of fracking includesRead MoreElectric Power And Natural Gas Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesfunction on its own; all products and machines need energy to work. Electric power and natural gas are the most important and largest resources in the world. People use these two types of energy to run the products that they need. However, natural gas is now what people can produce by them. The origin of natural gas is from animals and plant fossils that formed thousands of years ago. This is why, natural gas is absolutely worse than electric power. Electric power will not affect t he environmentRead MoreThe Process Of Hydraulic Fracturing1387 Words   |  6 Pagesand local economy plus environment of the United States, but due to the large interdependencies and networks of our world today, impacts at a global scale are inevitable. By analyzing each scale individually starting with national, local and ending with global, it will become clear that each scale is interdependent and interrelated with one another. Scales: In our fast-paced and globalizing world, it is important to know how phenomena and processes effect scales within society. Between the globalRead MoreShale And The Shale Gas Boom1637 Words   |  7 Pages The shale is located roughly one mile below the surface of these states and has an estimated 141 trillion cubic feet of attainable natural gas. As of 2015, Marcellus shale gas wells were reportedly yielding 14.4 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day (â€Å"Marcellus Shale - Appalachian Basin Natural Gas Play†). This shale discovery is known as one of the largest natural gas reserves in the United States, and this underground gas is now reachable thanks to hydraulic fracturing and horizontally drillingRead MoreHydraulic Fracking : A Short Term Solution1361 Words   |  6 PagesFracking: A Short-Term Solution to a Long-Term Problem Development of infrastructure and market for natural gas, a product of hydraulic fracking, has blossomed in recent years. Interestingly though, hydraulic fracturing, a process that’s been around since the early 1900s, has recently become a topic of significant controversy, especially through the expansion of large reservoirs throughout the United States, including the Barnett Shale, the Marcellus, and the Bakken. However, the unsustainable natureRead MoreEssay on Hydraulic Fracturing761 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguish gas and oil fracturing. (25-50 words) Demonstrate familiarity with how hydraulic fracturing is actually performed; a brief description of how the process works. (25-50 words) Show where hydraulic fracturing is currently underway in the United States., in Europe and in South America. (25-50 words).3 â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing (also known as hydrofracking, fracking, fracing, or fraccing) is a water-intensive industrial process that drillers use to collect the natural gas held in shaleRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesrenewable energy sources like wind and solar have been hailed as the technologies of the future, they are not yet mature enough to shoulder the burden of being our sole source of energy. Until renewable energy technology advances sufficiently, natural gas can serve as an effective bridge fuel, lessening the toll we are taking on the environment while ensuring that we can meet our energy needs. As fuel sources, solar and wind power seem to be ideal. They are abundant, renewable, and green. AlthoughRead MoreInformation About Oil And Natural Gas Extraction Industry1373 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 18, 2014 Subject: Information about Oil and Natural Gas Extraction Industry This Report requested by the principal financial investor, Dr. Maria D. Davidson, includes information required to make an informed decision on whether or not to diversify into the Oil and Natural Gas Extraction industry. The Oil and Natural Gas Extraction industry is involved in the processes required to find and extract crude oil and natural gas. The Oil and Natural Gas industry has performed well in recent years despiteRead MoreCoal and Natural Gas Power Plants Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesCoal and natural gas are the United States’ main fossil fuels used as energy sources. These fossil fuels both contain mixtures of hydrocarbons, which is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen (Olah, 2005). Currently, fossil fuels provide eighty-five percent of commercial energy, such as businesses, worldwide and this eighty-five percent does not even account for residential use. Imagine if the residential energy use was accounted for in that eighty-five percent (Davison, 2007). According

Overpopulation in India Underdeveloped Economy

Qustion: Describe about the Overpopulation in India for Underdeveloped Economy. Answer: Overpopulation in India Overpopulation issues in India are influencing its underdeveloped economy. It has been a major menace facing major developed and developing countries including India. Overpopulation also has an effect on underdeveloped economies. Its damages are enormous such that it could hinder economic growth and development (Nafziger, and Nafziger, 2006, pp.130). It would occur where the population of a given country exceeds the required capacity of that country or ecological niche. Ideally, it is the condition of having a densely populated country that could cause environmental deterioration, low quality of life, fighting for the scarce resources and space and so forth. Overpopulation is caused by medical benefits or advances, increased supply of education and development programs, as well as the high level of immigration. Causes of Overpopulation to India Overpopulation is among the most pressing issues affecting India. According to a census that was conducted in India in 2011, the population of the country was exactly 1,210,193,422. This implies that India had crossed the required 1 billion benchmark and therefore it was labeled as an overpopulated country (Galbraith, 1964, pp.1-20). It silently aggravates the forces that cause global warming or the green house effect, pollution of the environment, loss of the habitats of wild animals, extinction of various animal species like the dinosaurs, and the consumption of the scarce natural resources. Overpopulation is caused by a number of factors, which include reduced mortality rate, improved medical care and facilities, depletion of the scarce and available resources, and advancement in technology. The increased advances in technology have affected the citizens of India in a number of ways. It has increased the ability to save lives through improved health care facilities and better medical treatment. In addition to this, it has greatly reduced infant and mother mortality rate. This implies that as fewer deaths occur mothers in India decide to populate the earth, as the medical health care facilities would have improved (Weil, 2005, pp.99). This results to overpopulation in India and thus the citizens start competing for the scarce and available resources. Another cause of overpopulation in India is good food production. India is known to be one of the best exporters of food products. As the country produces more food, the citizens of India can be able to support more people within their households and so they decide to multiply and fill the earth (Hoselitz, 1961, pp.33-60). As the population grows, it will eventually lead to overpopulation. Consequently, the country would not be able to cope up with the increased demand for food products and thus making the citizens compete for the scarce resources. The third cause of overpopulation is illiteracy and poverty. There is notion that says the more members a family has, the more income they will have or the more wealth they will be considered having (Zeaman, 2002, pp.101). This is always in the mindsets of poor and illiterate people, which is no actually the case. Indians also lag behind concerning the knowledge of the use of contraceptives and methods of birth control. Most of them are unwilling to discuss about this matter and therefore have many unplanned pregnancies. As the poor people believe this, they decide to populate the earth or have unplanned pregnancies thus leading to overpopulation. The fourth cause of overpopulation is age old cultural norms. Many cultures including that of India believe that sons are the bread earners of the family. They also believe that they are the ones who should inherit the wealth. The society and the community therefore put pressure on the couples in India to produces children until a male is born (Green, 2008, pp.55-60). They also affirm that the more male children the better as the couple would be considered wealthy. This therefore leads to overpopulation. The last cause of overpopulation but not the least is illegal migration. Migration is the movement of people from one country to another due to famine, floods, wars, drought and so forth. Evidence of illegal migration has been noted in Bangladesh and Nepal parts of India (The real problem with overpopulation, 2009, pp.5). Consequently, as many people move or migrate into India, the population density of the country increases thus leading to overpopulation. Impact of Overpopulation in India Overpopulation in India has a had a number of effects both positive and negative. One of the impacts of overpopulation has been unemployment (Nolan, 2012, pp.133). As the population density of India increases, the available employment opportunities become scarce to meet the increased demand for jobs. The number of illiterate people who cannot be employed in organizations increases every year thus leaving many people unemployed. The second impact of overpopulation is man power utilization. Many skilled labor or personnel are left idle since the available employment opportunities cannot meet the unlimited demand for jobs (Ranjit, 2013, pp.267-273). The main reason why they are left idle or unutilized is economic depression since the current economy of India cannot satisfy the excess demand for jobs, and slow business expansion activities, which reduce the possibility of utilizing the idle capacity. The third impact of overpopulation is pressure on infrastructure. Development of infrastructure in India does not seem o match the growing population (Ranjit, 2013, pp.267-273). This causes lack of transportation, lack of adequate communication facilities, decrease in housing capabilities, lack of adequate education facilities, and lack of health care facilities. Pressure on infrastructure has also caused an increase in the number of overcrowded houses, slums, traffic, and congestion in India. The fourth impact of overpopulation is resource utilization. Overpopulation has led to scarcity of resources thus making people or the citizens of India compete for the scarce land, the scarce water resources, and other resources (Lewis, n.d., pp.99). This therefore leads to over exploitation of the available resources thus leading to depletion of the natural resources. The fifth impact or effect of overpopulation is decreased production levels and increase in the cost of production (Lewis, n.d., pp.99). Production of food in India and its distribution thereof have not been able to catch up with the growing population of the country thus leading to increased costs of production. An increase in the costs of production causes the prices of goods and services in India to increase thus resulting to inflationary changes Last but not the least; overpopulation also has an effect on inequitable distribution of income. As the population of India grows, the gap between the rich and the poor widens (McLeish, 2009, pp.1-5). More state and local funding is directed to the rich districts while the poor districts are given less priority thus making them receive low state and low funding for their investment projects. Impacts of Overpopulation of India on the Economic Development Overpopulation of India has negatively affected the economic growth and development of the country. As the population density of India increases, the country becomes unable to sustain its citizens such that it cannot be able to offer them job opportunities and the scarce resources cannot also satisfy their unlimited demand (McLeish, 2009, pp.1-5). Since the level of unemployment in India would have risen, the prices of goods and services also increase as shown by the Philips Curve. This results to an increase in the costs of living of the citizens of India and thus reducing or decreasing their standards of living. The companies in India also experience decreased food production resulting to a decrease in the real gross domestic product (GDP). As the gross domestic product (GDP) decreases, the economy of India suffers a depression thus reducing the rate of economic development or hindering economic development. Current Situation of Overpopulation in India The modern India has been facing major economic and social issues because of the unstoppable overpopulation problems (McLeish, 2010, pp.299). The government of India has been hasty and violent and has frequently attempted to reduce the birth rate. At first, the population of India might appear inevitable. However, the reality is that the country of India has over 1.3 billion inhabitants, which has crossed the 1 billion benchmark. It also gives an impression that one in every six people live in the worlds largest democracy. Subsequently, young people under 35 comprise of the largest percentage of the countrys population. According to some research and studies conducted in the country, the growth rate of the population of India is approximately between 1.3 percent and 1.6 percent. By 2030, India would have become the most populous country since to date China is leading as the most overpopulated country in the world. Overpopulation has been a serious menace in India and many people including the government of India believe that the current challenges like unemployment, lack of housing, poor medical facilities and so forth facing India are as a result of the many inhabitants India has (McLeish, 2010, pp.299). Due to the overpopulation of India, the economy has been unable to keep up with it. Several specialists believe that there are several reasons behind the high fertility rate of Indias society. One of the reason of high fertility rate of India is the traditions and the culture, which are still being followed today. This culture and traditions urge the citizens of India that the more children they have the more they are considered wealthy. The same tradition tells them that they ought to have kids until a male child is born. It does not matter how many kids they would have but they must have a male heir in their household. This has led to overpopulation in India and the dependency rate has also increased lowering the standards of living of the citizens and also increasing their cost of living. Another factor that has led to the high population growth rate in India is the early marriages within the Sanskara community, which is a small community within India. In this community, a typical Indian goes through the process of early marriages. Even though the legal age of marriage is 18, many young women in India marry at a young age and later drop out of school. This has increased the level of illiteracy in India (Pimentel, 2012, pp.151-152). The society then forces them to have children and not just a child, a male child, for them to be considered complete within the societal context. Indian women tend to marry at a young age something that the society advocates. As a result, these women have given birth to their first child even before attaining adulthood. Traditionally, the wealth of a family is measured by the number of livestock one has and the number of children he or she has. Indians have therefore prayed to their goods for abundance and blessings in both from time immemorial. In addition to this, families in rural areas view women as a source of labor while their children mostly the male child as the bread winner of the family who will take care of their families when they get old (Pimentel, 2012, pp.151-152). According to Sai Karan, the menace lies in the patriarchal family system. She further states that women are supposed to follow the traditions, values, rules, and societal norms that is why the tradition does not allow anyone to limit the birth rate by use of birth control pills and methods. It is a fact that the male children are perceived as a source of wealth in India. This has therefore resulted in a serious unexpected menace. The traditional families within the vicinity of India consider it as a bad omen of the first child is a girl child (Burnett, 2016, pp.315-323). When a girl child is born as the first child to a family, the society performs female infanticide or the termination of the female fetuses. This situation has reached an epidemic as it has resulted to the high mortality rate of both mother and child. However, the mortality rate has not been able to match the birth rate. The number of births in India has always been higher than the number of deaths. Overpopulation is also believed to be the cause of the high rate of illiteracy in India or the pervasive illiteracy rate of India. Some districts consider who can only be able to sign their pay slips as literate. This shows that illiteracy in this country has reached its peak. Many Indians, especially the poor and uneducated ones, can barely read and write. They also know very little about birth control methods (Burnett, 2016, pp.315-323). However, employment seems to be the current and most pressing issue in India. Currently, Indias unemployment rate has reached 4%. When we consider its current population of 1.3 billion, approximately 52 million people or inhabitants of India are unemployed. This also shows that the 52 million people are not geared towards the economic growth and development of the country and thus the underdevelopment of India. In addition to this, the overpopulation of India or the growing population of the country needs more and more space, more resources and more infrastructure, which is currently scarce or not available. New schools and hospitals are built in India but they are not enough to meet the rapidly increasing population of the country (Cassils, 2003, pp.171-194). Many classes are often overcrowded thus preventing the teacher from explaining the concepts to every student until they understand. These students can hardly be able to learn anything in this kind of environment. When you look at the train stations, subways, and markets in India, there are huge crowds everywhere and one can hardly move at a fast pace. Finally, the volatile and ever increasing population of India has been putting more and more pressure on the natural resources of the country. Today, India is faced with shortage of land and water. The country has cut down forests and polluted rivers and in the name of freeing up more land for the citizens to occupy (Cassils, 2003, pp.171-194). This has greatly influenced the countrys environment. According to the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Columbia University in collaboration with WEF, India has been ranked 155th in environmental conservation. Government Response to Overpopulation in India The government of India since the present day has been aware of the overpopulation menace of India. The country was the first country to adopt a family planning program. The prime minister back then, Jawaharlal Nehru, was convinced that the only way to catch up with the standards of living of its citizens and the level of economic growth and development was to slow down the countrys birth rate (Darity, 2008). At that time, the government of India placed more emphasis on raising awareness about birth control methods that should be used to limit the birth rate. The clinics were therefore given a mandate to advice families on family planning. To control this overpopulation problem, the government of India has developed sterilization camps as it is perceived to be a more cheaper method than the use of contraceptives. The government has also provided incentives for women by paying them not to give birth. The women who have been paid therefore ensure that they do not perform any sexual intercourse to prevent them from getting pregnant (Darity, 2008). The government of India has also tried governmental policies to limit the family size. This has been through the increase of taxes when a family exceeds a certain limit of children. If a family knows that they would be taxed for exceeding the limit of children per household for example two children per household, they would try as much as possible not to have excess children. If they get unplanned pregnancies, they would opt for female infanticide or abortion in order to evade being taxed. Another way that the government of India has used to control the rapidly increasing population is by promoting knowledge about the use of contraceptives. Here, the government has implemented both governmental and non-governmental programs in order to create awareness about contraceptives and how to use them (Kuo, 2012, pp.23-32). The government has also provided subsidies for the companies producing contraceptives. This strategy has been aimed at reducing the production cost of producing contraceptives thus making them cheaper and affordable for the citizens of India. The government of India has also tried to raise the incomes of its citizens. It is a fact that the more money a household has the less children they would plan to have. It also appears that more children are of less economic value to people in rich countries (Kuo, 2012, pp; 23-32). Consequently, the more the government of India can be able to promote economic growth and development in the country, the more they would be able to drive down the rate of births. Finally, the government of India might consider that there is actually not a problem or menace of overpopulation. Instead, they would consider that there is a problem in the overuse of the scarce and available resources (Nafziger, and Nafziger, 2006, pp.130). The government of India has then responded by giving is citizens good standards of living and reducing their costs of living without using many resources. This has gone a great way in reducing the problems that are associated with overpopulation. One example of implementing this strategy is by developing more and advanced technology that uses less energy thus avoiding the depletion of the natural resources. Future Direction of Overpopulation and the Likely Impact on the Economic Development of India In 2050, the population of India is projected to be 1.69 billion while China will be 1.31 billion. This implies that the population growth rate of India is rapidly increasing to the extent that by 2050 it would have surpassed that of China (Nafziger, and Nafziger, 2006, pp.130). Currently, China is the leading overpopulated country while India comes after China with a population of 1.3 billion. This will negatively affect economic growth and development as people will be fighting for the scarce resources. Many people will be unemployed since the available jobs would not be enough to meet the rising population of India. Due to this, the costs of living would increase reducing the standards of living of the citizens of India. Water, land, food, infrastructure and other resources would not be adequate to meet the overpopulated India. Many children would become illiterate since the schools available cannot be able to accommodate them (Nafziger, and Nafziger, 2006, pp.130). There would be increase in slums and the country would be overcrowded or densely populated. Medical facilities would also be inadequate to facilitate health care services for the citizens of India. This would lead to high mortality rate as people would not be able to access medical services. To conclude, Indias economy would undergo a recession or depression. References Nafziger, E. and Nafziger, E. (2006). Economic development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.130. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Galbraith, J. (1964). Economic development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Pp. 1-20. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Weil, D. (2005). Economic growth. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Pp.99. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Hoselitz, B. (1961). Theories of economic growth. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. Pp.33-36. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Zeaman, J. (2002). Overpopulation. New York: Franklin Watts. Pp.101. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Green, R. (2008). Overpopulation. Ann Arbor, MI: Cherry Lake Pub. Pp.55-60. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. The real problem with overpopulation. (2009). New Scientist, 203(2727), p.5. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Nolan, P. (2012). Significant causes of resource depletion. Delhi: University Publications. Pp.133. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Ranjit, G. (2013). Indias Population in 2050: Extreme Projections Demand Extreme Actions. East Asia Forum. Pp.267-273. Retrieved on 10 September 2016 from https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/04/05/indias-population-in-2050-extreme-projections-demand-extreme-action/ Lewis, W. (n.d.). The causes of unemployment in less developed countries and some research topics. Pp.99. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. McLeish, E. (2009). Overcrowded world. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Pp.1-5. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. McLeish, E. (2010). Population explosion. New York: Rosen Central. Pp.299. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Pimentel, D. (2012). World overpopulation. Environ Dev Sustain, 14(2), pp.151-152. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Burnett, P. (2016). OVERPOPULATION, OPTIMAL CITY SIZE AND THE EFFICIENCY OF URBAN SPRAWL. Review Urban Regional Devel, p.n/a-n/a. Pp.315-323. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Cassils, J. (2003). Overpopulation, Sustainable Development, and Security: Developing an Integrated Strategy. Population and Environment, 25(3), pp.171-194. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Darity, W. (2008). International encyclopedia of the social sciences. Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved on 10 September 2016. Kuo, G. (2012). MegaCrisis? Overpopulation is the Problem. World Future Review, 4(3), pp.23-32. Retrieved on 10 September 2016.

A Critical Review of Yahoo! Corporate Governance Essays

A Critical Review of Yahoo! Corporate Governance Essays A Critical Review of Yahoo! Corporate Governance Paper A Critical Review of Yahoo! Corporate Governance Paper A recommendation is then given followed by a conclusion to the analysis. L. Introduction Corporate governance has come along way since the 1 9th century. What was once an elite fraternity based on little more than cronyism and family connections has now taken on a new shape, resulting from greed and deceitful corporate breakdowns of iconic companies in the first part of the 21 SST century. If the 19th century was the century of the entrepreneur; and the 20th century was the century of management; then the 21 SST century is the century of corporate governance. This paper seeks to review the governance in a publicly listed company whose equines performance has been criticized publicly and to report about its governance protocols and practices. A brief description of the company in question followed by the criteria for the review of governance will be presented. Then, a critical review of their existing practices will be forwarded. Finally a list or recommendations will conclude the review. The goal is to shed light on boardroom practices and to better understand past events so to prevent them from reoccurring. 2. Background Yahoo! S a SIS based multinational Internet company headquartered in Californians silicon valley. It is widely known for its Web portal, search engine, Yahoo! Mail, advertising, online mapping, social media and a myriad of other services, including popular acquisitions such as Alabama, flicker and Tumble. Yahoo! Was founded in 1 994 and was once one of the most popular sites in the US. However, in recent years, its been plagued by poor governance. Between 2009- 2012, the board had dismissed 5 Chief Executive Officers, indicating a history of CEO problems with dire need of stability at the top. The current CEQ Marimbas Mayer has been in place since 201 2 and has also been heavily criticized; however, her leadership has changed the dynamic and ultra of the company, resulting in a tripling of the stock price and acquisitions worth over $1 billion. (Geol. 2014) The next section will explore the criteria for the review of governance. 3. Criteria for review In light of on-going setbacks at Yahoo! , the following criteria have been identified, including a discussion on their importance and why it is appropriate to use them. Yahoo! As a section addressing my criteria in their Corporate Governance Guidelines and nothing appears out of place, in other words, the guidelines are concise and appropriate, according to the textbook. (Trickier 2012) 3. Board membership criteria Although this may seem basic at first glance, it is not. Boards operate differently company to company. In theory, an active board oversees the formation of strategy in shareholder favor, they develop incentives fo r the CEO and other managers to tackle whilst also working toward the agreed upon strategic objectives. The board also critiques the performance of management against such objectives throughout the year and also formally once annually. It is important for boards to run smoothly, as outlined above so to monitor the business, stay abreast with changes in the marketplace so to be in a session to act quickly when required. There is always work to be done by board and committee members, (independent or external) law also requires regular reporting and shareholders require updates. This is an appropriate way to operate because if a board becomes passive, the effects will trickle down and a change in company culture will ensue. To avoid this, and to follow best practice, boards and committees are voted in by shareholders and reviewed annually by the chairman. 3. 2 Selection of the Chief Executive Officer Selection of the Chief Executive of the company is reserved for an active road committee (often independent) who is nominated to do the legwork in the nomination process. The idea is that the nomination committee, headed by its own chairman accept suitable referrals and vet said referrals (and leads) based on the board requirements. Best practice suggests that by the time a nomination is put forth to the chairman, the audit committee has already approved the candidates background and confirmed that no known conflict of interest exists. Not only is it important that each board member be given a specific task or project, its also important to have clear guidelines in place to undertake one f the most important board obligations. Chief Executives are typically not identified easily or hired quickly and the search itself is often expensive. For this reason, shortcuts cannot be made or left up to assumption. It is appropriate for a board to have nomination guidelines in place for top-level positions before exploring the market even begins and well before candidate engagement. By having such guidelines approved and published, it lessens the possibility of oversight by committee members who may feel pressured to tick all the boxes before a formal nomination can be presented, with a genuine seal of approval. . 3 Independence of the Board As a result of the breakdown in governance of iconic companies such as Enron and Arthur Anderson, governments from each country have been forced to take action to preserve the rights of shareholders and employees. An example of this can be found in the US, UK and Australia who operate as a unitary board, unlike Europe, which operate on a two tier board consisting of the executive board and the supervisory board. By law, the unitary board must include independent directors (INDEED) and committees. The paradox of the unitary board is the greater a directors independence, the less he/she is keel to know about the company. The more the INDEED knows about the company, the greater his/her potential contribution, the less his/her perceived independence. According to the textbook, an independent board is one that is capable of performing under the direction and leadership of a non-executive chairman or lead director so no to fall prey on initiatives from management or internal directors. (Trickier 201 2) Independent directors have periodic meetings of independent directors to evaluate management against the strategic goals. They follow strict rules to keep a fair, unbiased balance between the board ND management. This is important because it demonstrates greater transparency to the shareholders and to the SEC, SOX and other government regulators. A lack of transparency was a pattern followed by every board of companies that have since been found guilty in criminal court. It is appropriate to adopt an INDEED board not only to satisfy laws but also to demonstrate that action has been taken to ensure that the board as a whole is fair, that board members come from diverse backgrounds with unique areas of expertise, including industries. Independent Directors are equally accountable to the chairman of the board, hat they are offering is another a new way to view challenges faced by the company and offering the best solutions. . Critical review of Yahoo! Governance Yahoo! Has experienced tumultuous board movement over years, considering that the company is only 20 years old. Many past board members have held their seats for only one year. As of this day, there have been thirteen past board directors which suggests a critical lack of congruence within the business. There are currently ten board directors, including Mayer, CEO. Each director boasts a diverse set of skills and experience from companies that align with Yahoo! , which is ideal and half appear to be independent, also a good thing. It has been acknowledged however, that half the board were replaced following Mayors induction in what is reported to be a buyout. Its been reported that those she bought out would have become made her new post difficult as they likely would have clashed at some point and that it would likely be due to character first and strategy direction, second. (Yarrow 2013) According to Yahoo! Corporate governance guidelines, The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall be responsible for assessing the appropriate balance of criteria required of Board members. It is true that a board will often nominate new members with the induction of a new CEO; however, it is reported that Mayer handpicked this board to support her. (Swisher 2014) If this is the case, then it brings up many concerns and questions. The textbook identifies nine concepts and principles for corporate governance. (Trickier 2012) In the case of board selection, believe the following principles sing out: judgment, and accountability. The execution Of best judgment is expected in any nomination. The boards decisions should e made for the greater good of the company, rather than to promote personal agendas. Records show that although Mayer may have nominated half her board, the shareholders and existing board directors have approved it. In other words, they appear to have gone through due process as stated in the company guidelines. One would hope that the current board will prove not to be yes-men and that they will be supportive yet unbiased and even critical as required as cronyism has lead many a company down slippery slopes. The concept of accountability suggests that directors are answerable for their actions and decisions. Mayer must have already known that as one of the first changes she initiated at Yahoo! Was a weekly meeting that everyone was invited to attend to have their questions answered based on recent decisions, changes in the business and write ups in the press. Employees submitted questions online and the first 5 questions with 50 votes would be addressed. Mayer even allowed employees to submit anonymously, which naturally invited in the tougher questions. From an outside perspective, this was a genius move on her part and showed that she was being transparent and penny willing to put herself on the line. This next topic goes without saying that Yahoo! Has been hit hard by the mismanagement of their Chief Executive Officers in recent years. As stated above, the selection of the CEO is a critical task of the board and its committees. Yahoo! Has terminated four Chief Executives in three years. Mayer took the reins in 2012 following Scott Thompson resume embellishment that was made public only four months into his tenure. Each of the two interim Chief Executives had been deemed unsuitable to take the role on permanently. This is an example of poor governance; the situation tit Thompson may have gone away more rapidly had Yahoo! Not already terminated the 3 Chief Executives before him. This is also a problem of succession planning as 2 of the interim Chief Executives were internal. On the other hand, how might a company be prepared to nominate two internal Chief Executive candidates who are ready for the role in such a short space of time? Chief Executives are not interchangeable. It is believed that Yahoo! Did the best with what they had to work with, it just wasnt enough. To make matters worse, at the time of the Thompson revelation, the chair of he nomination committee, Patti Hart (who approved Thompson) was also found to have an embellishment on her resume. This is was an embarrassment for Yahoo! As the filing had already gone to the SEC to which the board was accountable. The concepts that stand out in this instance are: honesty, meaning not misleading and of strong morality and integrity, mean inning of high moral value and professionalism; such principles are expected by a board of a ($billion) company. One article describes the dilemma well. Should we be focused more on education or on ethics? Enders 201 2) As an outsider, I believe ethics weigh stronger than education; especially as top executives receive ongoing, relevant training and development. In Thompson case, he resume claimed a computer science degree from the asss which would have added little value to the company. Makes one wonder if it was really worth the risk. Oversights do happen, yet this particular one had been following him around since the early asss. Based on the updated company nomination guidelines, such mistake will likely never happen again as better, more appropriate checks and balances have been set in place. The final topic is around independence. As outlined above, a unitary board just have independent directors and committees to ensure that decisions are made in the best interest of the company. At the time of Thompson and Harts tenure, the only thing that makes sense is that the board became too comfortable and exercised gross oversight and incompetence. The trouble here was that the board didnt question the independent committees findings. Independence is important, though so is due process. (Labeled Sillies 2003) The audit committee was not involved and the chairman at the time was known for not rocking the boat. Brenner 2014) The results were crippling for the company. The concepts that require discussion and analysis are: responsibility, having clearly defined roles and reputation, an estimation of having done something well. Although each board member looked adequate on paper, there were many gaps that could have been avoided if the directors had been diverse enough or willing t o take a stand to ensure that all the boxes have been ticked. It seems that each was relying on the other to do the right thing and each accepted the general consensus without further query. This proved damaging to the reputation of the entire board and some lost their appointments as a result. On a positive note, Yahoo! Now have a new guideline in place to ensure that three committees review and approve a nomination before it goes to the board for further review. This is consistent with best practice for unitary boards. 5. Recommendation Mayer has been CEO for a little more than two years. Since then, she has driven more than 30 acquisitions worth more than $1 billion; she has also initiated a monthly bell curve review of all staff which determines merit for bonuses and in some cases, termination. Stock price has tripled under her tenure. Her decisions are not always popular, yet shes doing what few before her were able to. Therefore, its recommended that the board continue to give her money for acquisitions and also for RD to make Yahoo! Known for its products, not just its acquisitions. Mayer has been heavily criticized in the press for making decision based on feeling. Not all her decisions have worked out well, yet she has not yet created a pattern of poor decisions making. I recommend that she remain CEO for another two years to bring her strategy to fruition. That way, shareholders will continue to reap the rewards of the tock price whilst Mayer continues to harness energies toward customer experience, which is where her expertise lies. 6. Conclusion The past several years have been tough for the company. The good news is that Yahoo! Appears to be turning things around for the better. It was a big risk for the board to hire a green CEO. Her successful track record at Google as well as her industry contacts and networking skills will prove invaluable. Meyers gender, age and rapid ascent into executive management have earned her a national celebrity status.

How does the setting in J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher and the Rye influence the theme Essay Example

How does the setting in J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher and the Rye influence the theme Essay Example How does the setting in J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher and the Rye influence the theme Paper How does the setting in J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher and the Rye influence the theme Paper Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Relationship between the setting and themes The themes of this story include loneliness, deception, alienation, phoniness, relationships and intimacy. There is a close relationship between the setting and the themes. The themes have been developed from the setting of the story. The persona of this story is called Holden Caulfield. As he narrates this story, he is recovering in a metal clinic. The period set for this story is near Christmas. Holden is a lonely boy because he expresses the way he dislikes his roommate and neighbor. This shows that he does not have many friends in school. The only friend he has is a girl called Jane whom he dates. He is sad because he has been expelled and will leave her behind. He says that this is the fourth school he has failed out. This means that he is a loner who does not even seek academic help, he had rather fail. Salinger (69), his sister tells him, â€Å"You don’t like anything that’s happening†¦.. You don’t like any schools. You don’t like a million th ings. You don’t†. This statement shows withdrawal from the society, hence loneliness. Holden is expelled from school and goes back to New York. He is not concerned about his future. Even when his teachers try to counsel him, he expresses lack of interest. This is an evidence of deception. Phoniness and deception are related because deception is an example of phoniness. He is deceiving himself that nothing is wrong with his life. He even refuses to go home because he does not want to confess the truth to his parents. In the hotel, he lies about his age to the ladies he flirted with. This shows that his lifestyle is accompanied by a lot of lying. Ironically, he criticizes people about deception. He says that adults are full of phoniness moreover; they do not want to accept it. This shows that he does not accept he is also a victim of the same vice. Salinger (1), he says that, â€Å"If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you’ll probably want is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like†¦.† This statement clearly shows that Ho lden grew up in an environment, which was unpleasant and full of phoniness. Throughout the story, Holden is viewed to be excluded from the normal living. He is alienated from the society. He alienates himself as a way of protecting himself from other people. He does this because he dislikes socializing with other people. He feels that it is confusing and overwhelming. Therefore, he opts to live in a world of his own, which ends up being harmful. He is unable to address himself to anyone and is unable to understand and solve his problems. As a result, he considers himself normal whereas he is not. Due to this urge of alienating himself, he is seen to go out with Sally but sends her away because he feels he wants to be alone. This could be the main reason why he eventually ends up in a mental clinic. Even as Holden is seen to be lonely and alienated, he seems to love women. He pays Maurice to provide for him a prostitute. When he went to Pencey School, he dated Jane and still tried to contact him afterwards. He feels uneasy when she goes out with anyone else. He refuses to go home and spends time in a hotel with women who are even older. This setting brings the theme of relationship and intimacy. Salinger (76) he says that â€Å"You don’t always have to get too sexy to get to know a girl.† Introduction of intimacy at such an early age shows how immoral the society has become. According to the story, Holden was in a boarding school, which was away from his home town. This is a gesture of rejection from his parents. It seems unfair because the sister goes to a nearby school and lives at home. As for him, he was sent to a boarding school far away from home. The school was in Pennsylvania, whereas he lived in Manhattan, New York. Lack of concern from parents could be the reason of his alienation and lack of interest in education. His indulgence to intimacy at an early age shows lack of guidance from parents or guardians. In chapter nine, he confesses that, â€Å"Sex is something I just don’t understand. I swear to God I don’t.† This confession is an indication of negligence from parents. They should have taught him about such life’s issues. We can conclude that Holden ended up in a mental clinic as a result of his parents’ incompetence in raising him well. Works cited Salinger, Jerome. D. The catcher in the rye. New York, NY: Penguin books. 2010. Print

Compare and contrast the importance of using primary and secondary Essay

Compare and contrast the importance of using primary and secondary methods when conducting market research. Are secondary methods more advantageous when analysing results for a new product - Essay Example Significantly, each business venture at least has an organization it looks up to in terms of strategies; it also has a vision that acts as a guiding principle. Entrepreneurs conduct market research so that they can reduce the risks associated with their business, indentify more opportunities and predict current and potentially future problems. Such information will aid in making decision on whether to execute the new product or shelve for another time. The research also enables individuals to establish benchmarks that will assist the business not to collapse when they encounter uncertainties along the way. Methods of data collection when carrying out market research influence the end result. While both primary and secondary methods hugely contribute to informed data, one overrides the other one. This paper will focus on establishing the comparison and contrast of primary and secondary methods of market research. It will also determine whether secondary methods are more advantageous when analysis the market situation of a new product. Primary research methods refer to the original research carried out by the owner of the business or by a contracted company (Sumathi & Saravanavel, 2003, p. 154). The main aim of this research is to answer a specific objective. Before going into the field, a set of objectives and research questions are outlined. In addition, a clear hypothesis may be set so that at least the data obtained will measure it. With primary method, information compilation is done from scratch since it bases on what the respondents give. Despite the fact that the information provided by the respondents play a critical role, the researcher must have a set of expectation. In essence, the desired goal and the vision of the business inform the whole idea of market research. Primary research could lead to quantitative or qualitative data. This depends on the format

Covenant & treaty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Covenant & treaty - Essay Example The following is a list of these covenants. Man was made superior over all creations as he was the only being made in God’s image. God asks Adam and Eve to fill the earth and subdue it, and promises to give to them all seed bearing plants and trees. In the book of Genesis 9, God made a covenant with Noah. The covenant came right after the great flood that wiped out all the creators from the face of the earth leaving only Noah and his family together with the a couple of each animal species. God promised never again will He destroyed the world with rain and a rainbow became a sign of God’s reconciliation with mankind (Harris and Platzner 142). The rainbow is a reminder of what humanity faced and signifies the promise. The covenant with Abraham signifies a beginning of a creation of a new nation that was promised by God. In this covenant, God asks Abraham to leave his country and family for a new place. He promises Abraham will be made into a great nation and all the mankind will be blessed through him. Abraham absolutely trusts in God and does as asked (Harris and Platzner 144). The covenant marks the history of the Israelites and shows the redemption of these people. It is a conditional covenant by God to Moses which depended on the response of the people. Therefore, it meant that there would be blessings for obedience, but judgment for disobedience (Ex. 15:26; 19:3-8). Moses was promised that the Israelites will be God’s chosen treasured people. The laws that made the covenant, revealed Gods desire for the nation to be set apart from all other nations. David is promised an everlasting lineage and kingdom (Harris and Platzner 222). The covenant was made to re-create the relationship that was broken between God and the people. The promise was finally fulfilled in the New Testament as Jesus ruled over the nation. The covenant is made by God to all mankind. He promises to forgive and grant a universal knowledge of

Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans

Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Executive summary: Various jeans industry such as Denim, Levis, and Disney etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all jeans industry launch various campaign. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various jeans industry also organizes various events in order to communicate properly with customers, for example Aadharshila Brand solution was planning to launch an event called â€Å"JEAN JANOON† for their client â€Å"The HUB† a multi brand outlet for apparel. Main purpose of this event is to increase the sale of jeans. Before designing IMC program this company carried out market research in order to judge customers behaviors toward jeans. For research they design the strategy for â€Å"JEAN JANOON† event. During the event they decided to get feedback from customer who visits â€Å"The HUB† multiband retail outlet so that appropriate primary data can be collected for designing IMC strategy for â€Å"The HUB†. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward jeans , it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Printads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various jeans company, it has been found that male respondents were less brand conscious than female. There is no particular fashion trend among males, but females are more conscious towards seasonal fashion trends. â€Å"Fitting† and â€Å"style† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying jeans. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy† . A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization.There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs. There are certain opportunities in jeans industry, such as increase women wear collection, increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in to jeans industry. These threats are as follow: Increasing competition in ethical fashion Ethical brand is not taken seriously by public High price and loyalty decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share To create new successful denim and clothing rang and expand it to convert not user in to user. Increase sale by 50% in 6 month from the launch of public campaign Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies: Toachieve these objective we implement various strategy. Target market: Urban personality: Affluent young professional Prosperous young professional Students and cosmopolitan Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of various jeans industry to produce high quality jeans in various qualities such as five packet jeans in various size. This is mostly done to capture youth attention. They produce jeans in various colour to capture more market share. Must of jeans brand such as levis, denim, dem lea diesel jeans jump in to Indian market by producing high quality of jeans Pricing range from 4.7 $ to 9.5$. Jeans do not need too much promotion. It is done mostly by fair, E – commerce and agent The distribution channels for jeans industry are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) WHOLESELLER JEANS SEND TO RETAILER CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Sample Cutting Stitching Washing Pressing and labeling Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Explanation The sample is first send by the buyer. Its called a gold seal sample. In cutting dept, one piece is placed on the other and in this way a bundle of 50 Jeans is made. Then the cutter cuts it. In the stitching dept, front end or the upper part is made. Then backend is made and they are assembled together in the assembly end. Then the belt is made. Washing can be done by simple garment wash or through the stone wash and chemicals. It is done according to the buyers request. In Pressing and labeling dept, the Jeans are pressed and then labeled for identification. In finishing dept, the quality of jeans is checked and mistakes are rectified. Then the Jeans dispatched to the store. Then packing is done. It is done according to the buyers request. Then they are sent to the containers. Samples of Product; Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all A class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays of jeans in showrooms and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis: First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to unedrtood problem. In this we identify our compititors and their strategy for example Levi carried out compititor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by Tommy Hilfiger, JNCO, VF Corporation, Gap, Calvin Klein, Diesel and Paris Blues. After situation analysis Levy Strauss Company find out thattheCalifornia gold rush outfitter whose trademark blue jeans have been an American clothing staple for generations, had fallen on hard times by 2004 and needed a change in strategic direction.After seven consecutive years of falling sales, profits turned to losses in 2003. Management responded to the decline by moving its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new line of discount jeans at Wal-Mart.It also considered selling off its Dockers casual pants unit in order to focus on its jeans business. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective: There are various IMC objective set by jeans company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective are as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyality To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectivesstate the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method Inaffordable methodwe invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However inPercentage of Sales Methodamount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. InUnit of Sales MethodCompany allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 100/ the company will allot Rs.10/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 10,000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.100.000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 10,000 customers need to purchase their jeans once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be tar geted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement compaign, that are as follow: Inform Persuade Remind Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the jeans, explain the new quality added in jeans, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the jeans quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality jeans, or re-launch / up-date of an existing jean. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the jeans as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of jeans design competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their jeans through Comparison Advertising – either directly or indirectly comparing its jeans to that of its competitors. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established jeans brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage:New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition:The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation:A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send, below we include a couple of examples of actual message strategy. During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for jeans advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of jeans. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness â€Å"Make them your own† is the name of the campaign launched by Levis to boost the sale of Denim jeans. This is one of the most aggressive marketing and advertising strategy followed by Levis to move up the sales. The theme of this marketing campaign is narcissistic youth. It will feature youth who will check themselves out in Denim blue jeans. The advertising will target the age group of 18 – 24 years. Mostly levy also select TV, Magazine, and Newspaper as a media for delivering there massage about their product in customer mind. PRINT Ads: This ad focus on that even in bad time our company ABC produce good quality of product in comparison to our competitor. ABC Company compares their product with competitors in quality and design. Through this ads company want to show that our product is superior in quality and design. Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like Levis, Pepe, Killer and others, Spykar Jeans, once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers get branded jeans at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of Spykar Jeans because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there are also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: There are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: cents-off deals and price-pack deals. Price deal is given at various times to stimulate purchase of jeans. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price , customer get the advantage of this discount and purchase jeans at low price. Offer: There are various kind of gift is offer by various jeans industry. For example the branding magazine said that the Gap will be conducting a marketing campaign centered on the idea that your favorite songs and your favorite jeans, Gap jeans, make the perfect fit. Customers who try on a pair of the retailers new jeans will receive a free iTMS download. The campaign will be marketed with print and TV ads, and will feature TV commercials with musicians singing covers of their favorite song while wearing Gap jeans. The company will be offering those collected covers in a CD at retail Gap locations for customers who make a US$60 or more Gap purchase. Premium: Sometime various companies like Levy, Denim etc. offer some gift or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some company like American eagles to known customer feedback provide free simple of various jeans according to their preference. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowancesare short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and those retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prize Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their jeans product and provides information about jeans quality and price to potential buyer. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: Like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness–When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest:Public Relation create public interest to used the product at least for once time. Providing Information:Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand:A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand:In many companies like levy, denim jeans company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various jeans industry like denim, Levi Strauss Co involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets both men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as :Direct response television marketing. Besides these jeans producing company also used various methods to promote their product. One method that Levis has recently taken is Path Breaking Strategy. Path breaking strategy by Levis: This strategy is mostly for those jeans whose cost above Rs.1400. We know a lot of thing about EMIs for house, car and other kind of white goods. But these EMIs is first time adopted by Levis for jeans.This idea has been conceptualized by Levis. Downturn market, cost cutting everywhere and empty pockets is the present situation; and here to curb all these hindrances, Levis is now, for the first time ever offering EMI facilities on its apparel wear in India. Simply shop for more than Rs. 1500 and you can avail this offer. This amount will be set off through your credit card in three equal installments. They have also tied up with ICICI Bank for the credit card settlement. There are certain objectives behind this strategy that are as follow: To increase the sales of premium jeans wear category that is worth more than Rs. 4000 per denim. To ensure sales throughout the year irrespective of seasonality:How will this objective be achie Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Integrated Marketing Communication Program for Jeans Executive summary: Various jeans industry such as Denim, Levis, and Disney etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all jeans industry launch various campaign. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various jeans industry also organizes various events in order to communicate properly with customers, for example Aadharshila Brand solution was planning to launch an event called â€Å"JEAN JANOON† for their client â€Å"The HUB† a multi brand outlet for apparel. Main purpose of this event is to increase the sale of jeans. Before designing IMC program this company carried out market research in order to judge customers behaviors toward jeans. For research they design the strategy for â€Å"JEAN JANOON† event. During the event they decided to get feedback from customer who visits â€Å"The HUB† multiband retail outlet so that appropriate primary data can be collected for designing IMC strategy for â€Å"The HUB†. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward jeans , it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Printads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various jeans company, it has been found that male respondents were less brand conscious than female. There is no particular fashion trend among males, but females are more conscious towards seasonal fashion trends. â€Å"Fitting† and â€Å"style† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying jeans. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy† . A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization.There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs. There are certain opportunities in jeans industry, such as increase women wear collection, increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in to jeans industry. These threats are as follow: Increasing competition in ethical fashion Ethical brand is not taken seriously by public High price and loyalty decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share To create new successful denim and clothing rang and expand it to convert not user in to user. Increase sale by 50% in 6 month from the launch of public campaign Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies: Toachieve these objective we implement various strategy. Target market: Urban personality: Affluent young professional Prosperous young professional Students and cosmopolitan Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of various jeans industry to produce high quality jeans in various qualities such as five packet jeans in various size. This is mostly done to capture youth attention. They produce jeans in various colour to capture more market share. Must of jeans brand such as levis, denim, dem lea diesel jeans jump in to Indian market by producing high quality of jeans Pricing range from 4.7 $ to 9.5$. Jeans do not need too much promotion. It is done mostly by fair, E – commerce and agent The distribution channels for jeans industry are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) WHOLESELLER JEANS SEND TO RETAILER CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Sample Cutting Stitching Washing Pressing and labeling Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Explanation The sample is first send by the buyer. Its called a gold seal sample. In cutting dept, one piece is placed on the other and in this way a bundle of 50 Jeans is made. Then the cutter cuts it. In the stitching dept, front end or the upper part is made. Then backend is made and they are assembled together in the assembly end. Then the belt is made. Washing can be done by simple garment wash or through the stone wash and chemicals. It is done according to the buyers request. In Pressing and labeling dept, the Jeans are pressed and then labeled for identification. In finishing dept, the quality of jeans is checked and mistakes are rectified. Then the Jeans dispatched to the store. Then packing is done. It is done according to the buyers request. Then they are sent to the containers. Samples of Product; Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all A class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays of jeans in showrooms and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis: First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to unedrtood problem. In this we identify our compititors and their strategy for example Levi carried out compititor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by Tommy Hilfiger, JNCO, VF Corporation, Gap, Calvin Klein, Diesel and Paris Blues. After situation analysis Levy Strauss Company find out thattheCalifornia gold rush outfitter whose trademark blue jeans have been an American clothing staple for generations, had fallen on hard times by 2004 and needed a change in strategic direction.After seven consecutive years of falling sales, profits turned to losses in 2003. Management responded to the decline by moving its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new line of discount jeans at Wal-Mart.It also considered selling off its Dockers casual pants unit in order to focus on its jeans business. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective: There are various IMC objective set by jeans company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective are as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyality To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectivesstate the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method Inaffordable methodwe invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However inPercentage of Sales Methodamount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. InUnit of Sales MethodCompany allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 100/ the company will allot Rs.10/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 10,000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.100.000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 10,000 customers need to purchase their jeans once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be tar geted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement compaign, that are as follow: Inform Persuade Remind Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the jeans, explain the new quality added in jeans, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the jeans quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality jeans, or re-launch / up-date of an existing jean. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the jeans as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of jeans design competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their jeans through Comparison Advertising – either directly or indirectly comparing its jeans to that of its competitors. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established jeans brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage:New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition:The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation:A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send, below we include a couple of examples of actual message strategy. During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for jeans advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of jeans. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness â€Å"Make them your own† is the name of the campaign launched by Levis to boost the sale of Denim jeans. This is one of the most aggressive marketing and advertising strategy followed by Levis to move up the sales. The theme of this marketing campaign is narcissistic youth. It will feature youth who will check themselves out in Denim blue jeans. The advertising will target the age group of 18 – 24 years. Mostly levy also select TV, Magazine, and Newspaper as a media for delivering there massage about their product in customer mind. PRINT Ads: This ad focus on that even in bad time our company ABC produce good quality of product in comparison to our competitor. ABC Company compares their product with competitors in quality and design. Through this ads company want to show that our product is superior in quality and design. Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like Levis, Pepe, Killer and others, Spykar Jeans, once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers get branded jeans at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of Spykar Jeans because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there are also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: There are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: cents-off deals and price-pack deals. Price deal is given at various times to stimulate purchase of jeans. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price , customer get the advantage of this discount and purchase jeans at low price. Offer: There are various kind of gift is offer by various jeans industry. For example the branding magazine said that the Gap will be conducting a marketing campaign centered on the idea that your favorite songs and your favorite jeans, Gap jeans, make the perfect fit. Customers who try on a pair of the retailers new jeans will receive a free iTMS download. The campaign will be marketed with print and TV ads, and will feature TV commercials with musicians singing covers of their favorite song while wearing Gap jeans. The company will be offering those collected covers in a CD at retail Gap locations for customers who make a US$60 or more Gap purchase. Premium: Sometime various companies like Levy, Denim etc. offer some gift or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some company like American eagles to known customer feedback provide free simple of various jeans according to their preference. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowancesare short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and those retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prize Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their jeans product and provides information about jeans quality and price to potential buyer. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: Like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness–When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest:Public Relation create public interest to used the product at least for once time. Providing Information:Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand:A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand:In many companies like levy, denim jeans company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various jeans industry like denim, Levi Strauss Co involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets both men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as :Direct response television marketing. Besides these jeans producing company also used various methods to promote their product. One method that Levis has recently taken is Path Breaking Strategy. Path breaking strategy by Levis: This strategy is mostly for those jeans whose cost above Rs.1400. We know a lot of thing about EMIs for house, car and other kind of white goods. But these EMIs is first time adopted by Levis for jeans.This idea has been conceptualized by Levis. Downturn market, cost cutting everywhere and empty pockets is the present situation; and here to curb all these hindrances, Levis is now, for the first time ever offering EMI facilities on its apparel wear in India. Simply shop for more than Rs. 1500 and you can avail this offer. This amount will be set off through your credit card in three equal installments. They have also tied up with ICICI Bank for the credit card settlement. There are certain objectives behind this strategy that are as follow: To increase the sales of premium jeans wear category that is worth more than Rs. 4000 per denim. To ensure sales throughout the year irrespective of seasonality:How will this objective be achie